Sol-Gel-Derived Fibers Based on Amorphous α-Hydroxy-Carboxylate-Modified Titanium(IV) Oxide as a 3-Dimensional Scaffold

Abstract

The development of novel fibrous biomaterials and further processing of medical devices is still challenging. For instance, titanium(IV) oxide is a well-established biocompatible material, and the synthesis of TiOx particles and coatings via the sol-gel process has frequently been published. However, synthesis protocols of sol-gel-derived TiOx fibers are hardly known. In this publication, the authors present a synthesis and fabrication of purely sol-gel-derived TiOx fiber fleeces starting from the liquid sol-gel precursor titanium ethylate (TEOT). Here, the α-hydroxy-carboxylic acid lactic acid (LA) was used as a chelating ligand to reduce the reactivity towards hydrolysis of TEOT enabling a spinnable sol. The resulting fibers were processed into a non-woven fleece, characterized with FTIR, 13C-MAS-NMR, XRD, and screened with regard to their stability in physiological solution. They revealed an unexpected dependency between the LA content and the dissolution behavior. Finally, in vitro cell culture experiments proved their potential suitability as an open-mesh structured scaffold material, even for challenging applications such as therapeutic medicinal products (ATMPs).

Biomimetic Connection of Transcutaneous Implants with Skin

“…[ 20 ] The differences Δ ( ν as − ν s ) of 130 cm −1 and 95 cm −1 represent bridged and unbridged bidentate coordination modes of MA ligands to titanium oxo cores. [ 21 ] Titanium‐oxo‐carboxo clusters derived from titanium alcoholates are known for their bridging coordination modes in multinuclear Ti‐oxo clusters. [ 22 ] Especially, in the case of MAA as the chelating ligand, methacrylic units of the organometallic complexes face outwards.…”

“…As the addition of solvents reduces the resulting polymer density, mechanical durability, and maybe even bacterial permeability, the application of nearly pure HEMA is required. The modification of previously developed biocompatible amorphous titanium‐oxo‐clusters [ 21 ] with acrylic acid demonstrated in this process a facile route with many possibilities for chemical and structural adaptions, which needs to be further investigated in future activities. The homogenous integration of the new crosslinker in the pHEMA matrix allowed the adjustment of the resulting mechanical properties, as well as shortened polymerization times.…”

Calcium Phosphate-Based Nanomaterials: Preparation, Multifunction, and Application for Bone Tissue Engineering

“…Precursor composition, pH and solvent, hydrolysis and condensation ratios, drying methods, and annealing and heat treatment contribute to the regulation of the structure, morphology, and properties of nano calcium phosphate obtained through the sol-gel method [ 38 ]. Different precursors, such as inorganic salts or alkoxides, can lead to variations in the stoichiometry, crystallinity, and phase composition of the nanoparticles [ 39 ]. Varying the pH can affect the hydrolysis and condensation reactions, which, in turn, influence the particle size, surface charge, and morphology.…”

“…Microwave-assisted synthesis has some advantages, such as high energy efficiency, shorter synthesis time, as well as consuming few samples [ 39 ], which make it a promising method for the laboratory. However, the high heat generated can also lead to some disadvantages, such as the deterioration of the sample constituents and the high cost of industry-level equipment maintenance.…”

Preparation and Properties of Partial-Degradable ZrO2–Chitosan Particles–GelMA Composite Scaffolds

“…Zirconia (ZrO 2 ), a nondegradable inert bioceramic, has excellent biocompatibility, thermal stability, corrosion-resistance, and mechanical properties, making it a desirable permanent bone scaffold for repairing load-bearing sites [ 6 , 7 ]. To date, various techniques have been carried out to prepare scaffolds, including electrostatic spinning [ 8 , 9 ], template replication [ 10 ], sol-gel [ 11 , 12 ], freeze-drying [ 13 , 14 ], pore-forming [ 15 ], and 3D printing [ 16 , 17 ]. As an ideal bone tissue engineering scaffold, it is important to be tunable in terms of the size and shape of the scaffold to meet the demands of bone defects sites.…”