“…A number of review articles have been published in the general field of sol-gel-based biosensing. 8,14,42,[46][47][48] Such biosensors rely on the intimate interfacing of a biorecognition element to a physical transducer that converts the biological reaction into a measurable signal. Typical transduction schemes in biosensors include electrochemical, optical, piezoelectrical, thermometric, and magnetic methods.…”