Sol–gel carbons from ionothermal syntheses

Fellinger, Tim‐Patrick

doi:10.1007/s10971-016-4115-z

Cited by 10 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 34 publications

(37 reference statements)

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“…[19] The Lewis-acid character of the cations is likely to support the formation of N x sites (2 ≤ x ≤ 4), which for our aim can be considered a potential for active site imprinting. [19] The Lewis-acid character of the cations is likely to support the formation of N x sites (2 ≤ x ≤ 4), which for our aim can be considered a potential for active site imprinting.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[19,20] Our attempts to employ such carbons based on low-melting ZnCl 2 -containing salt melts for metalation were however only moderately successful (unpublished results). [19,20] Our attempts to employ such carbons based on low-melting ZnCl 2 -containing salt melts for metalation were however only moderately successful (unpublished results).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Among the various methods to produce NDCs, we focused on the so-called ionothermal carbonization, which is a sol-gel type pyrolysis of organic precursors that are dispersed in inorganic salt melts, e.g.. containing Lewis-acidic metal cations. [19] The Lewis-acid character of the cations is likely to support the formation of N x sites (2 ≤ x ≤ 4), which for our aim can be considered a potential for active site imprinting. Zn 2+ , Ca 2+ , and Mg 2+ ions are known to form stable phthalocyanine complexes, presumably supporting the formation of the most desirable N 4 coordination site, while being resistant toward reduction up to very high temperatures.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Facile Metal Coordination of Active Site Imprinted Nitrogen Doped Carbons for the Conservative Preparation of Non‐Noble Metal Oxygen Reduction Electrocatalysts

Mehmood

Pampel

Ali

et al. 2017

Advanced Energy Materials

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of platinum-based catalysts at the PEFC cathode to accelerate the otherwise sluggish kinetics of the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Thus, the development of inexpensive noble metal-free catalysts for the ORR is one of the key research topics for future fuel cell designs. Among various types of non-noble metal catalysts reported so far, one promising class is metal-nitrogen-carbon (Me-N x -C y ) type materials in which transition metals, particularly Fe and Co, are bound to nitrogen doped carbon (NDC). The early reports on the application of such materials date back to the sixties of the last century when Jasinski demonstrated that N-coordinated transition metals can be active sites for the ORR. [1] Similarly, the ORR-activity of metal-free NDCs was shown based on experimental and theoretical results. [2] The moderate acidic performance of NDCs can be enhanced by introducing non-noble metal ions such as iron or cobalt. [3] The research on such non-noble metal catalysts was greatly promoted by the groundbreaking results of competitive activities compared to standard Pt-based catalysts obtained by Lefèvre et al. in 2009. [4] A porous activated carbon was used as a conductive backbone and mixed with phenanthroline as nitrogen and iron(II) acetate as iron source. After heat treatment, first in inert and second in NH 3 -atmosphere, a very active ORR-catalyst in acidic medium was obtained. Later, Wu et al. reported highly active and stable ORR electrocatalysts Iron-or cobalt-coordinated heteroatom doped carbons are promising alternatives for Pt-based cathode catalysts in polymer-electrolyte fuel cells. Currently, these catalysts are obtained at high temperatures. The reaction conditions complicate the selective and concentrated formation of metal-nitrogen active sites. Herein a mild procedure is introduced, which is conservative toward the carbon support and leads to active-site formation at low temperatures in a wet-chemical metal-coordination step. Active-site imprinted nitrogen doped carbons are synthesized via ionothermal carbonization employing Lewis-acidic Mg 2+ salt. The obtained carbons with large tubular porosity and imprinted N 4 sites lead to very active catalysts with a half-wave potential (E 1/2 ) of up to 0.76 V versus RHE in acidic electrolyte after coordination with iron. The catalyst shows 4e − selectivity and exceptional stability with a half-wave potential shift of only 5 mV after 1000 cycles. The X-ray absorption fine structure as well as the X-ray absorption near edge structure profiles of the most active catalyst closely match that of iron(II)phthalocyanine, proving the formation of active and stable FeN 4 sites at 80 °C. Metal-coordination with other transition metals reveals that Zn-N x sites are inactive, while cobalt gives rise to a strong performance increase even at very low concentrations.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Facile Metal Coordination of Active Site Imprinted Nitrogen Doped Carbons for the Conservative Preparation of Non‐Noble Metal Oxygen Reduction Electrocatalysts

Mehmood

Pampel

Ali

et al. 2017

Advanced Energy Materials

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“…As an example of the first case, Antonietti et al presented a novel synthesis approach based on the fact that when a carbon precursor is thermally treated in a molten salt phase (KCl/ZnCl 2 , NaCl/ZnCl 2 , CaCl 2 •2H 2 O, MgCl 2 •6H 2 O, etc. ), it simultaneously acts as a solvent and porogen [13,14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

One-step synthesis of ultra-high surface area nanoporous carbons and their application for electrochemical energy storage

Sevilla

Ferrero

Díez

et al. 2018

Carbon

121

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A simple one-pot route for the synthesis of highly porous N-doped carbons with an excellent performance as supercapacitor electrodes is presented. The synthesis scheme is based on the carbonization of an organic salt, potassium citrate, at a temperature in the 700-900 ºC range, in the presence of urea. Such porous carbons combine ultra-high BET surface areas of up to 3350 m 2 •g-1 , a large pore volume of up to 2.65 cm 3 •g-1 , a porosity which can be regulated to have a micropore or micro-mesopore network and a notable nitrogen content in the 0.5-4.5 wt % range, two essential properties for their use in electrochemical devices. The presence of urea in the synthesis mixture is the key to pore development in these synthesized carbons. The applicability of this type of carbon as supercapacitor electrode material with an ionic liquid as electrolyte has also been demonstrated in this study.

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“…Figure 22. Schematic diagram of forming process of composite adsorbent (Reproduced from51,57,73,[287][288][289][290] ).…”

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confidence: 99%

A review of CO₂ adsorbents performance for different carbon capture technology processes conditions

2021

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The utilization of various conventional and emerging solid adsorbents is an attractive carbon capture method for post-combustion and direct air capture (DAC). This review aims to identify adsorbents with the highest CO 2 adsorption performance at various CO 2 capture conditions inclusive of pre-combustion, post-combustion, and DAC to aid the selection of adsorbents. It presents the various adsorbents' physical and chemical properties, their synthesis methods, CO 2 adsorption performance, and their advantages as CO 2 adsorbents. Findings of the review show that NaX@NaA core-shell microspheres possess the highest CO 2 adsorption capacity at 5.60 mmol g −1 for adsorption at DAC conditions. MOF-177-TEPA exhibited the highest post-combustion condition CO 2 adsorption capacity at 4.60 mmol g −1 given tetraethylenepentamine properties leading to low diffusion resistance for CO 2 and easy access to active sites. Approximation of these adsorbents' adsorption capacity within pre-combustion capture temperature at 1 bar for oxy-combustion process was 0.0000026-48.71 mmol g −1 . It is crucial to understand and evaluate these adsorbents' characteristics for application in the appropriate adsorption conditions. This considers their usage limitations on pilot-scale CO 2 capture because of low productivity, poor durability, and stability for prolonged cyclic adsorption-desorption, expensive adsorption system, high gas flow rate, high adsorbate accommodation requirement, longer flow switching time, and low tolerance towards water and impurities present in flue gas. This paper hence presents future enhancements in overcoming their limitations to accommodate pilot scale carbon capture. These are beneficial in providing insights for capturing CO 2 from flue gases emitted in industries.

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Sol–gel carbons from ionothermal syntheses

Cited by 10 publications

References 34 publications

Facile Metal Coordination of Active Site Imprinted Nitrogen Doped Carbons for the Conservative Preparation of Non‐Noble Metal Oxygen Reduction Electrocatalysts

Facile Metal Coordination of Active Site Imprinted Nitrogen Doped Carbons for the Conservative Preparation of Non‐Noble Metal Oxygen Reduction Electrocatalysts

One-step synthesis of ultra-high surface area nanoporous carbons and their application for electrochemical energy storage

A review of CO₂ adsorbents performance for different carbon capture technology processes conditions

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Sol–gel carbons from ionothermal syntheses

Cited by 10 publications

References 34 publications

Facile Metal Coordination of Active Site Imprinted Nitrogen Doped Carbons for the Conservative Preparation of Non‐Noble Metal Oxygen Reduction Electrocatalysts

Facile Metal Coordination of Active Site Imprinted Nitrogen Doped Carbons for the Conservative Preparation of Non‐Noble Metal Oxygen Reduction Electrocatalysts

One-step synthesis of ultra-high surface area nanoporous carbons and their application for electrochemical energy storage

A review of CO2 adsorbents performance for different carbon capture technology processes conditions

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A review of CO₂ adsorbents performance for different carbon capture technology processes conditions