Soil-Transmitted Helminth Infections, Anemia, and Undernutrition Among School-Children in An Elementary School in North Jakarta, Indonesia

Abstract

The strategy to control soil-transmitted helminth (STH) is through periodic deworming to eliminate infective worms among children. Helminthiasis is known to impair the nutrition and physical status of infected children. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and relationship between nutritional status and infection among School-Age Children (SAC) following deworming campaigns in Public Elementary School 6 Cilincing, North Jakarta, Indonesia. This study was a cross-sectional analytical observation on 82 children sampled using the Kato Katz approach during the period of August and November 2019. Nutritional status was determined using the standardized AnthroPlus Software while the Kolmogorov Smirnov test was used to statistically analyze the data. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data on hygiene and deworming pill consumption. Results showed that 7.3% of 82 children were infected with at least one of the following STH parasites: Ascaris lumbricoides accounts (n=3, 3.7%), Trichuris trichiura (n=2, 2.4%), and Enterobius vermicularis (n=1, 1.2%). Anemia was defined as a hemoglobin concentration of <8-11.9 g/dL for the age group of 8-13 years old. Of all participants, 10 (12%) were anemic. The proportion of children representing mild and moderate anemia were 4% and 6%, respectively. The prevalence of infection was not associated with anemia and STH infection did not present significant association with undernutrition statusAlmost children practiced hand washing before eating (93.9%). About 96% of children had pit latrines and only 24 children (29.5%) took deworming pills in the last 6 months. Thus, routine anthelminthic treatment for school children in urban areas is necessary.

The Relationship Between Body Mass Index and Body Dysmorphic Disorder in Adolescents

“…It is due to differences in body fat levels [9; 10]. Determination of Body Mass Index or Body Mass Index according to age (BMI/U) for children aged 5-18 years according to the Indonesian Ministry of Health, namely: While BMI/U for children aged 5-19 years, the World Health Organization (WHO) classifies it as follows [13].…”

Hubungan ko-infeksi soil-transmitted helminths terhadap status gizi pada penderita tuberkulosis di Kecamatan Puger

“…Alasan yang diduga dapat menjelaskan kejadian tersebut adalah tingkat prevalensi infeksi cacing tanah (STH) yang bervariasi antar kabupaten di Indonesia. Selain itu, data mengenai status infeksi kecacingan pada populasi orang dewasa Indonesia masih langka karena sebagian besar penelitian dilakukan pada populasi usia pra sekolah dan sekolah 33 Hasil ini hampir sama dengan hasil penelitian di Tanzania 9,06% koinfeksi TB dengan Hookworm, Ethiopia 0,8% koinfeksi TB dengan A. lumbrioides , di Cina koinfeksi TB dengan A. lumbricoides (0.5%), dengan Trichuris trichiura (2.2%), and dengan hookworm (4.6%), dan di Mesir koinfeksi TB dengan Hookworm sebesar 16,5%. 14,23,34,35 Koinfeksi STH pada pasien TB ini dapat terjadi karena kedua penyakit ini adalah penyakit khas di daerah di mana masih ada kemiskinan.…”

“…Hal serupa juga terjadi di Jakarta, di Jimma Ethiopia tidak hubungan antara infeksi STH dengan status nutrisi. 33,46 Pada penelitian ini, indikator status gizi diukur dari tinggi dan bobot badan yang dilakukan dalam sekali waktu. Namun demikian, pada studi yang lain di Addis Ababa dan Arba Minch, pengukuran bobot badan sebagai salah satu parameter status gizi dilakukan bersamaan dengan follow up terapi medikamentosa pada penderita TB.…”

Prevalence and correlates of soil-transmitted helminths in schoolchildren aged 5 to 18 years in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis

“…Furthermore, the impact of STH infections on cognitive performance and learning abilities cannot be underestimated. Various studies have shed light on the adverse effects of these infections on children’s health, manifesting as stunted growth, anemia, malnutrition, and decreased school attendance ( 12 , 13 ) and involve a loss of disability-adjusted life-years in affected children ( 4 , 14 , 15 ).…”