Soil-solution chemistry in a low-elevation spruce-fir ecosystem, Howland, Maine

Fernandez, Ivan J.; Lawrence, Gregory B.; Son, Yowhan

doi:10.1007/bf00479593

Cited by 27 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…In general, the sum of cations exceeded the sum of anions in the O horizon by 25-35% (data not shown) and can be explained by unmeasured organic anions and analytical measurement error. A similar cation surplus is seen in other temperate-forest soil solutions (e.g., Shepard et al 1990, Johnson et al 1991, Fernandez et al 1995.…”

Section: Movement Of Elements Within the Forestsupporting

confidence: 71%

“…2). Hydrogen ion concentration decreases (pH increases) with depth in soil, a common pattern in temperate-forest soils (e.g., Shepard et al 1990, Fernandez et al 1995. In general, the sum of cations exceeded the sum of anions in the O horizon by 25-35% (data not shown) and can be explained by unmeasured organic anions and analytical measurement error.…”

Section: Movement Of Elements Within the Forestmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…Coefficients of variation averaged by category of element (base cations, anions, N species) are consistently higher in soil solutions than in deposition and throughfall (Table 1). Soil-solution flux variability among years is typically quite high and is a result of both temporal and spatial variability (Table 1) (Johnson et al 1991, Fernandez et al 1995.…”

Section: Net Fluxes and Temporal Changesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Major-Element Cycling in a High-Elevation Adirondack Forest: Patterns and Changes, 1986-1996

Friedland¹,

Miller²

1999

Ecological Applications

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High-elevation forests in the northeastern United States have received large amounts of atmospheric deposition of pollutants that may alter natural element cycling and retention rates in a variety of ways. This study examined atmospheric deposition of N, S, and base cations (Ca 2ϩ , Mg 2ϩ , K ϩ , Na ϩ ), and their impact on element cycling, in a highelevation forest on Whiteface Mountain, New York, USA. Ten years of element cycling data (1986)(1987)(1988)(1989)(1990)(1991)(1992)(1993)(1994)(1995)(1996) showed that at our study site (1050-m elevation) precipitation and cloud water contributed most of the atmospheric deposition relative to dry deposition. Inputoutput budgets revealed a net retention of N in this forest. In contrast, annual variations in outputs of K ϩ were roughly balanced by atmospheric inputs. Potassium output seemed to be strongly related to and dependent on K ϩ inputs. There was a net loss of Ca 2ϩ , Mg 2ϩ , and SO 4 2Ϫ from the site. Calcium and SO 4 2Ϫ outputs were related to one another and to water inputs to the forest. Net loss of 2.9 kg S·ha Ϫ1 ·yr Ϫ1 was likely supplied by the large mineral soil S pool. The difference between atmospheric input and ecosystem export of 7.4 kg Ca·ha Ϫ1 ·yr Ϫ1 may or may not be sustainable, depending on replacement by mineral weathering. The dominance of inorganic N species in all solutions except O-horizon leachate supports the idea that the forest is heavily impacted by N deposition. However, the decrease in NO 3 Ϫ export from the forest observed during the study and the continued accumulation of N in vegetation suggest that N saturation has not yet occurred.

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Section: Movement Of Elements Within the Forestsupporting

confidence: 71%

Section: Movement Of Elements Within the Forestmentioning

confidence: 92%

Section: Net Fluxes and Temporal Changesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Major-Element Cycling in a High-Elevation Adirondack Forest: Patterns and Changes, 1986-1996

Friedland¹,

Miller²

1999

Ecological Applications

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“…Collection of solutions from the soil columns under pressure did not simulate freely draining soil solution that constitutes stream flow. Previous studies have shown that soil solutions collected under pressure have higher concentrations of Ca than freely draining soil solutions (Fernandez et al 1995, Lawrence andDavid 1996). Concentrations of leachate Ca in this experiment, therefore, provided an overestimation of stream water Ca concentrations.…”

Section: Relationships Between Soil and Stream Watermentioning

confidence: 56%

Soil Calcium Status and the Response of Stream Chemistry to Changing Acidic Deposition Rates

Lawrence

David

Lovett

et al. 1999

Ecological Applications

Self Cite

119

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Despite a decreasing trend in acidic deposition rates over the past two to three decades, acidified surface waters in the northeastern United States have shown minimal changes. Depletion of soil Ca pools has been suggested as a cause, although changes in soil Ca pools have not been directly related to long‐term records of stream chemistry. To investigate this problem, a comprehensive watershed study was conducted in the Neversink River Basin, in the Catskill Mountains of New York, during 1991–1996. Spatial variations of atmospheric deposition, soil chemistry, and stream chemistry were evaluated over an elevation range of 817–1234 m to determine whether these factors exhibited elevational patterns. An increase in atmospheric deposition of SO4 with increasing elevation corresponded with upslope decreases of exchangeable soil base concentrations and acid‐neutralizing capacity of stream water. Exchangeable base concentrations in homogeneous soil incubated within the soil profile for one year also decreased with increasing elevation. An elevational gradient in precipitation was not observed, and effects of a temperature gradient on soil properties were not detected. Laboratory leaching experiments with soils from this watershed showed that (1) concentrations of Ca in leachate increased as the concentrations of acid anions in added solution increased, and (2) the slope of this relationship was positively correlated with base saturation. Field and laboratory soil analyses are consistent with the interpretation that decreasing trends in acid‐neutralizing capacity in stream water in the Neversink Basin, dating back to 1984, are the result of decreases in soil base saturation caused by acidic deposition.

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“…Nutrient fluxes (kg ha À1 year À1 ) split up in bulk and calculated occult deposition (BD þ OD), calculated dry deposition (DD), total atmospheric deposition (BD þ OD þ DD), estimated canopy leaching (À)=uptake (þ) (CL), and total stand deposition (TF þ SF). NO À 3 and NH þ 4 under the rooting depth are an indication for an effective biological immobilization (Fernández et al 1995) by vegetation and soil microflora. In winter, an increase in NO À 3 and NH þ 4 concentrations in soil water percolation was probably related to a decrease of biological uptake in the forest floor.…”

Section: Belowground and Run-off Nutrient Fluxesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Water chemistry and nutrient budgets in an undisturbed evergreen rainforest of southern Chile

et al. 2004

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In a pristine evergreen rainforest of Nothofagus betuloides, located at the Cordillera de los Andes in southern Chile (41 8S), concentrations and fluxes of nutrients in bulk precipitation, cloud water, throughfall water, stemflow water, soil infiltration and percolation water and runoff water were measured. The main objectives of this study were to investigate canopy-soil-atmosphere interactions and to calculate input-output budgets. From May 1999 till April 2000, the experimental watershed received 8121 mm water (86% incident precipitation, 14% cloud water), of which the canopy intercepted 16%. Runoff water volume amounted 9527 mm. Bulk deposition of inorganic (DIN) and organic (DON) nitrogen amounted 3.6 kg ha À1 year À1 and 8.2 kg ha À1 year À1 respectively. Occult deposition (clouds þ fog) contributes for 40% to the atmospheric nitrogen input (bulk þ occult deposition) of the forest. An important part of the atmospheric ammonium deposition is retained within the canopy or converted to nitrate or organic nitrogen by epiphytic bacteria or lichens. Also the export of inorganic (0.9 kg ha À1 year À1 ) and organic (5.2 kg ha À1 year À1 ) nitrogen via runoff is lower than the input to the forest floor via throughfall and stemflow water (3.2 kg DIN ha À1 year À1 and 5.6 kg DON ha À1 year À1 ). The low concentrations of NO À 3 and NH þ 4 under the rooting depth suggest an effective biological immobilization by vegetation and soil microflora. Dry deposition and foliar leaching of base cations (K þ , Ca 2þ , Mg 2þ ) was estimated using a canopy budget model. Bulk deposition accounted for about 50% of the total atmospheric input. Calculated dry and occult deposition are both of equal value (about 25%). Foliar leaching of K þ , Ca 2þ , and Mg 2þ accounted for 45%, 38% and 6% of throughfall deposition respectively. On an annual basis, the experimental watershed was a net source for Na þ , Ca 2þ and Mg 2þ .

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Soil-solution chemistry in a low-elevation spruce-fir ecosystem, Howland, Maine

Cited by 27 publications

References 32 publications

Major-Element Cycling in a High-Elevation Adirondack Forest: Patterns and Changes, 1986-1996

Major-Element Cycling in a High-Elevation Adirondack Forest: Patterns and Changes, 1986-1996

Soil Calcium Status and the Response of Stream Chemistry to Changing Acidic Deposition Rates

Water chemistry and nutrient budgets in an undisturbed evergreen rainforest of southern Chile

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