Soil Erosion and Conservation

Morgan, R. P. C.

doi:10.1097/00010694-198806000-00011

Cited by 689 publications

(1,065 citation statements)

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“…Litter cover decreases or prevents the destruction of aggregates and separation of fine particles by raindrop impact, prevents soil surface compaction and sealing and consequently helps to prevent run-off and subsequent erosion during rainfall events (Walsh & Voight, 1977 ;Morgan, 1995 ;Marshall et al, 1996). Although few studies have quantified changes to soil physical properties such as bulk density or pore volume following litter removal or litter addition, the few studies that exist show an increase in soil bulk density in the absence of a litter layer.…”

Section: The Forest Floor Environmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using experimental manipulation to assess the roles of leaf litter in the functioning of forest ecosystems

Sayer¹

2005

Biol. Rev.

629

494

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The widespread use of forest litter as animal bedding in central Europe for many centuries gave rise to the first litter manipulation studies, and their results demonstrated that litter and its decomposition are a vital part of ecosystem function. Litter plays two major roles in forest ecosystems: firstly, litterfall is an inherent part of nutrient and carbon cycling, and secondly, litter forms a protective layer on the soil surface that also regulates microclimatic conditions. By reviewing 152 years of litter manipulation experiments, I show that the effects of manipulating litter stem from changes in one, or both, of these two functions, and interactions between the variables influenced by the accumulation of litter can result in feedback mechanisms that may intensify treatment effects or mask responses, making the interpretation of results difficult.Long-term litter removal increased soil bulk density, overland flow, erosion, and temperature fluctuations and upset the soil water balance, causing lower soil water content during dry periods. Soil pH increased or decreased in response to manipulation treatments depending on forest type and initial soil pH, but it is unclear why there was no uniform response. Long-term litter harvesting severely depleted the forests of nutrients. Decreases in the concentrations of available P, Ca, Mg, and K in the soil occurred after only three to five years. The decline in soil N occurred over longer periods of time, and the relative loss was greater in soils with high initial nitrogen concentration. Tree growth declined with long-term litter removal, probably due to lower nutrient availability. Litter manipulation also added or removed large amounts of carbon thereby affecting microbial communities and altering soil respiration rates.Litter manipulation experiments have shown that litter cover acts as a physical barrier to the shoot emergence of small-seeded species ; further, the microclimate maintained by the litter layer may be favourable to herbivores and pathogens and is important in determining later seedling survival and performance. Litter manipulation altered the competitive outcomes between tree seedlings and forbs, thereby influencing species composition and diversity ; changes in the species composition of understorey vegetation following treatments occurred fairly rapidly. By decreasing substrate availability and altering the microclimate, litter removal changed fungal species composition and diversity and led to a decline in populations of soil fauna. However, litter addition did not provoke a corresponding increase in the abundance or diversity of fungi or soil fauna.Large-scale long-term studies are still needed in order to investigate the interactions between the many variables affected by litter, especially in tropical and boreal forests, which have received little attention. Litter manipulation treatments present an opportunity to assess the effects of increasing primary production in forest ecosystems; specific research aims include assessing the eff...

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Section: The Forest Floor Environmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using experimental manipulation to assess the roles of leaf litter in the functioning of forest ecosystems

Sayer¹

2005

Biol. Rev.

629

494

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“…Os processos relacionados com a desagregação do solo devido à ação do impacto das gotas da chuva e do escoamento superficial difuso e concentrado têm sido descritos com grande detalhamento (FOSTER, 1982;MORGAN, 2005). Da mesma forma, a mecânica fluvial tem descrito os processos relacionados com o transporte e deposição dos sedimentos que se encontram em trânsito na calha fluvial (KNIGHTON, 1998;SILVA et al, 2003).…”

Section: Produção De Sedimentosunclassified

“…Os fatores controladores da magnitude e da característica da produção de sedimentos são o clima, as características fisiográficas e o uso e manejo do solo (MORGAN, 2005). A influência do clima pode ser relacionada com a produção de sedimentos por meio das características da precipitação (volume, intensidade e frequência).…”

Section: Fatores Interferentes Da Produção De Sedimentosunclassified

“…O efeito do uso e manejo dos solos sobre a PS tem a propriedade de atenuar ou agravar os fatores anteriores (VERSTRAETEN et al, 2006). A alteração da cobertura vegetal natural para o uso agrícola, por exemplo, pode modificar a PS em várias ordens de magnitude, em comparação com uma área não perturbada (MORGAN, 2005).…”

Section: Fatores Interferentes Da Produção De Sedimentosunclassified

“…A compreensão dos efeitos qualitativos do uso do solo é um mecanismo importante na estratégia para implementar práticas de conservação na escala de bacia, porque são os agricultores que definem a organização espacial e temporal de sua propriedade. Quando ocorre o planejamento correto de uma propriedade agrícola, utilizando técnicas adequadas de ocupação e manejo do solo, de acordo com sua aptidão agrícola, a PS pode se aproximar aos valores de áreas preservadas (MORGAN, 2005).…”

Section: Fatores Interferentes Da Produção De Sedimentosunclassified

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Monitoramento de bacias hidrográficas para identificar fontes de sedimentos em suspensão

Minella

Merten

2011

Cienc. Rural

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Monitoramento de bacias hidrográficas para identificar fontes de sedimentos em suspensãoCatchment monitoring to trac suspended sediment sources INTRODUÇÃOAtualmente, o planejamento do espaço rural e urbano necessita de ferramentas de análise capazes de avaliar quantitativamente os fatores que interferem na degradação dos solos e recursos hídricos de forma integrada. A erosão observada nas lavouras, nas estradas e nas áreas de construção está, evidentemente, relacionada com os impactos observados nos rios, tanto sob o aspecto físico, como químico e biológico. Entretanto, a conectividade entre os problemas que observamos nas vertentes e os problemas que encontramos nos rios não é direta. Mecanismos complexos de conectividade entre vertentes e rios controlam o comportamento hidrossedimentológico das "bacias hidrográficas". O estudo da variabilidade da produção de sedimentos tem contribuído para a compreensão dos fatores controladores dos processos erosivos e do transporte de sedimentos e poluentes nas bacias hidrográficas. A identificação das fontes de sedimentos é uma técnica que possibilita localizar e quantificar as fontes de sedimentos dentro de uma bacia, contribuindo para descrição dos processos de ligação entre calha e vertente e para o planejamento dos recursos naturais.Neste trabalho de revisão bibliográfica, são apresentados os componentes e os fatores condicionantes envolvidos com a estimativa da produção de sedimentos, salientando os efeitos do -REVISÃO BIBLIOGRÁFICA -I

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Soil erosion at three experimental sites in the Mediterranean

Díaz

Cammeraat

Vacca

et al. 1999

Earth Surf. Process. Landforms

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The results of erosion studies carried out at three representative sites in the European Mediterranean basin are discussed. The objectives of the study are to clarify the underlying processes affecting soil erosion and to quantify erosion and runoff in the framework of mitigation of land degradation. The study was carried out at three instrumented field stations using similar layouts and experimental set-ups and harmonized field procedures. Runoff and sediment yield from bounded plots were measured for different types of land use for longer periods.The runoff and sediment values were found to be relatively low, and showed average annual values between 2Á0 and 8Á9 1 m À2 for runoff, and between 20Á2 and 28Á1 g m À2 for sediment yield. The results show that the individual plot response on an event basis shows no relationship between runoff and sediment yield for two of the three sites. On an annual average basis a significant relationship is found between the runoff and sediment yield. Significant differences were observed between different types of land use, especially between semi-natural vegetation, burned and abandoned field cover types on the one hand, and agricultural fields on the other hand. The runoff and erosion values were lowest for the semi-natural fields. It was found that in non-cultivated fields the bounded plots might suffer from depletion of available sediment.It can be concluded that erosion figures are very low for the sites studied, and that the maintenance of semi-natural vegetation may help in the prevention of runoff generation and erosion. It can be concluded that the use of bounded plots may not be as ideal as might be expected from its wide application. In some cases open plots, especially under seminatural land use, may produce much better results, especially when measuring over longer periods.

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Soil Erosion and Conservation

Cited by 689 publications

References 0 publications

Using experimental manipulation to assess the roles of leaf litter in the functioning of forest ecosystems

Using experimental manipulation to assess the roles of leaf litter in the functioning of forest ecosystems

Monitoramento de bacias hidrográficas para identificar fontes de sedimentos em suspensão

Soil erosion at three experimental sites in the Mediterranean

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Soil Erosion and Conservation

Cited by 689 publications

References 0 publications

Using experimental manipulation to assess the roles of leaf litter in the functioning of forest ecosystems

Using experimental manipulation to assess the roles of leaf litter in the functioning of forest ecosystems

Monitoramento de bacias hidrográficas para identificar fontes de sedimentos em suspensão

Soil erosion at three experimental sites in the ­Mediterranean

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Product

Resources

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Soil erosion at three experimental sites in the Mediterranean