Soil composition and nutritional status of apple as affected by long-term application of gypsum

Abstract

Summarygypsum does not affect the soil negative charges and maintains sulfate in the soil solution, making it one of the cheapest products to increase Ca activity in soil solution, especially in the deeper soil layers. Higher Ca levels in the soil solution can increase the uptake of this nutrient by apple trees, reducing the risk of physiological disorders caused by Ca deficiency. this study assessed the effect of long-term gypsum application on some soil properties and on the chemical composition of leaves and fruits of an apple cultivar susceptible to fruit disorders associated with low Ca. the experiment was conducted in São Joaquim, in the South of brazil, from 2001 to 2009. gypsum rates of 0, 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0 t ha -1 were annually broadcast over the soil surface, without incorporation, in an apple orchard with cultivar ´Catarina´, planted in 1997. gypsum application over eight consecutive years had no effect on soil exchangeable K and al to a depth of 80 cm, but increased exchangeable Ca in the sampled layers (0-10, 10-20, 40-60 and 60-80 cm), while exchangeable mg decreased only in the surface layer (0-20 cm). gypsum did not affect the concentration of any nutrient in the fruits, including Ca. the same was verified in the leaves, except for mg which decreased with increased gypsum rate. despite increasing the availability of Ca in the soil profile to a depth of 80 cm, gypsum was not effective to increase the Ca content in leaves and fruits of an apple cultivar susceptible to Ca deficiency grown in an appropriately limed soil. index terms: downward movement, cations, nutritional status, calcium.

Efeitos em longo prazo da aplicação de gesso e calcário no sistema de plantio direto

“…Em contrapartida, as camadas mais profundas do solo (> 20 cm), que apresentavam teores de Ca 2+ próximos ou inferiores a 0,6 cmol c dm -3 , passaram a apresentar valores iguais e frequentemente superiores a este. Essa mobilidade do Ca proporcionada pelo uso do gesso, segundo Nava et al (2012), se deve ao efeito do SO 4 2-em anular a carga do Ca 2+ , o que leva à formação de um par iônico entre esses dois íons, evitando assim que o Ca 2+ se ligue às cargas do solo, facilitando sua descida à camadas mais profundas.…”

“…Essa lixiviação aliada a não aplicação de Mg pode induzir a deficiência em plantas cultivadas. A lixiviação de Mg pela aplicação de gesso também foi observada por outros autores (Quaggio et al, 1982;Rosolem & Machado, 1984;Caires et al, 2004;Rampim et al, 2011;Nava et al, 2012) e pode ser atribuída à competição do Mg 2+ com o Ca 2+ pelas cargas negativas do solo, de maneira que o Ca 2+ tem preferência nos sítios de troca (Loyola Jr & Pavan, 1989). A alta concentração de Ca 2+ no solo ocasionada tanto pela aplicação de gesso quanto de calcário favorece o deslocamento do Mg 2+ dos sítios de troca, podendo formar par iônico com o SO 4 2-ou ser lixiviado na forma de íons Mg 2+ , sendo esta a forma preferencial de deslocamento no perfil (Zambrosi et al, 2007).…”

Soil Fertility, Root and Aboveground Growth of Black Oat Under Gypsum and Urea Rates in No Till

“…Sulphate (SO 4 2− -S) is weakly retained by the soil, especially in the surface soil layers in no till, because the higher pH under surface liming and accumulation of organic matter in these layers increases the number of negative charges (Caires et al 2011a;Nava et al 2012;Casagrande et al 2003) and reduces the anion exchange capacity (AEC). Also, phosphate anions are more strongly adsorbed on soil colloids than SO 4 2 − -S and accumulate near the surface, because of the furrow phosphate fertilizations at sowing.…”

Gypsum and Phosphorus in Improving Biometric and Nutritional Attributes of Soybean/Second Season Corn Succession

“…This occurs when increases in ion concentration causes a partial and reversible decrease in the absorption of another element that combines with the same charger site to cross the membrane (MALAVOLTA, 2006). This behavior may also be related to the leaching of these nutrients in the soil profile due to the use of high gypsum doses as observed in studies by Caires et al (1999), Caires et al (2003), and Nava et al (2012).…”