“…The first category involves studying fundamental issues, such as soil arching formation mechanisms, evolution laws, pile-soil interactions, load-sharing laws, etc., through model tests, theoretical analyses, and numerical simulations [12][13][14][15][16][17][18]. The soil arching effect was first discovered by Kang et al [12] with the trap-door test, which was further developed and validated by Liu et al [19], Al-Naddaf [20], Pardo et al [21], and Pulko et al [22]. The second category of research is related to the establishment of a mathematical or numerical model based on the principle of soil arching for analysis of engineering application issues, such as rational pile spacing, the ultimate bearing capacity of anti-slide piles, and the stability of reinforced slopes [8,10,11,23,24].…”