Soil–air greenhouse gas fluxes influenced by farming practices in reservoir drawdown area: A case at the Three Gorges Reservoir in China

Li, Zhe; Zhang, Zengyu; Lin, Chuxue; Chen, Yongbo; Wen, Anbang; Fang, Fang

doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.05.080

Cited by 37 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…It floods 489 km 2 of very diverse types of ecosystems including forest, agricultural soils and wetlands (Descloux et al, 2011). Geological formations responsible for the soil development in the NT2R area are mainly composed of more or less consolidated sedimentary rocks (Lovatt Smith et al, 1996;Smith and Stokes, 1997). The parental rocks belong to the Khorat group and Phon Hong group formations (Cretaceous) with two main lithologies: (1) late cretaceous Maha Sarakham formation (i.e.…”

Section: Study Sitementioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, areal fluxes from the drawdown area are on average 2.5 times higher than the diffusive fluxes from the reservoir water surface in 2009-2010 and 6 times higher than those fluxes in 2013 making the soils in the area of influence of the reservoir a hotspot for CO 2 emissions compared to the reservoir surface waters. The total emissions of reservoirs with contrasted hydrology characterized by marked wet and dry seasons and large water-level variations of 30 % of the total surface could have been significantly underestimated as it is the case for Petit Saut (∼ 100 km 2 ), Samuel (∼ 280 km 2 ), Balbina (∼ 220 km 2 ) or The Three Gorges Reservoir (∼ 400 km 2 ) for instance (Guérin et al, 2006;Kemenes et al, 2011;Li et al, 2016). This pathway is expected to be more significant in flatbottom reservoirs than in valley-type reservoirs in mountainous regions and cannot be generalized to just the drawdown area without taking into account hydrological water management and the local topography.…”

Section: Total Co 2 Emissions From the Nam Theun 2 Reservoirmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recently, the importance of the drawdown emissions was pointed out as a significant source of CH 4 in the Three Gorges Dam in China (Chen et al, 2009(Chen et al, , 2011Yang et al, 2012) and a very minor source at Nam Theun 2 Reservoir (NT2R; Serça et al, 2016). CO 2 emission from the drawdown area was only measured in agricultural plots of the drawdown area of the Three Gorges Dam (Li et al, 2016). However, the hypothesis of significant CO 2 emissions from those soils seasonally flooded and exposed to air was never tested in unmanaged drawdown areas representative of tropical reservoirs with large water-level variations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Carbon dioxide emissions from the flat bottom and shallow Nam Theun 2 Reservoir: drawdown area as a neglected pathway to the atmosphere

Deshmukh

Guerin²,

Vongkhamsao

et al. 2018

Biogeosciences

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Abstract. Freshwater reservoirs are a significant source of CO2 to the atmosphere. CO2 is known to be emitted at the reservoir surface by diffusion at the air–water interface and downstream of dams or powerhouses by degassing and along the river course. In this study, we quantified total CO2 emissions from the Nam Theun 2 Reservoir (Lao PDR) in the Mekong River watershed. The study started in May 2009, less than a year after flooding and just a few months after the maximum level was first reached and lasted until the end of 2013. We tested the hypothesis that soils from the drawdown area would be a significant contributor to the total CO2 emissions. Total inorganic carbon, dissolved and particulate organic carbon and CO2 concentrations were measured in 4 pristine rivers of the Nam Theun watershed, at 9 stations in the reservoir (vertical profiles) and at 16 stations downstream of the monomictic reservoir on a weekly to monthly basis. CO2 bubbling was estimated during five field campaigns between 2009 and 2011 and on a weekly monitoring, covering water depths ranging from 0.4 to 16 m and various types of flooded ecosystems in 2012 and 2013. Three field campaigns in 2010, 2011 and 2013 were dedicated to the soils description in 21 plots and the quantification of soil CO2 emissions from the drawdown area. On this basis, we calculated total CO2 emissions from the reservoir and carbon inputs from the tributaries. We confirm the importance of the flooded stock of organic matter as a source of carbon (C) fuelling emissions. We show that the drawdown area contributes, depending on the year, from 40 to 75 % of total annual gross emissions in this flat and shallow reservoir. Since the CO2 emissions from the drawdown zone are almost constant throughout the years, the large interannual variations result from the significant decrease in diffusive fluxes and downstream emissions between 2010 and 2013. This overlooked pathway in terms of gross emissions would require an in-depth evaluation for the soil organic matter and vegetation dynamics to evaluate the actual contribution of this area in terms of net modification of gas exchange in the footprint of the reservoir, and how it could evolve in the future.

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Section: Study Sitementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Total Co 2 Emissions From the Nam Theun 2 Reservoirmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Carbon dioxide emissions from the flat bottom and shallow Nam Theun 2 Reservoir: drawdown area as a neglected pathway to the atmosphere

Deshmukh

Guerin²,

Vongkhamsao

et al. 2018

Biogeosciences

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“…This reservoir is from Chongqing (west) to Yichang of Hubei province (east), and the distance is approximately 662.9 km 1 . In the winter, water level of the TGR is 175 m, whereas water level of the TGR is only 145 m in the summer for the aim of flood control 2 . This water fluctuation every year produces an area of 400 km 2 along the upper stream of Yangtze River called water-level fluctuating zone (WLFZ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxicity evaluation of Wanzhou watershed of Yangtze Three Gorges Reservoir in the flood season in Caenorhabditis elegans

Xiao

Zhao

Huang

et al. 2018

Sci Rep

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Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) in the upper stream of Yangtze River in China is a reservoir with the largest and the longest yearly water-level drop. Considering the fact that most of safety assessments of water samples collected from TGR region were based on chemical analysis, we here employed Caenorhabditis elegans to perform in vivo safety assessment of original surface water samples collected from TGR region in the flood season in Wanzhou, Chongqing. Among the examined five original surface water samples, only exposure to original surface water sample collected from backwater area could induce the significant intestinal ROS production, enhance the intestinal permeability, and decrease the locomotion behavior. Additionally, exposure to original surface water sample collected from backwater area altered the expressions of sod-2, sod-5, clk-1, and mev-1. Moreover, mutation of sod-2 or sod-5 was susceptible to the potential toxicity of original surface water sample collected from backwater area on nematodes. Together, our results imply that exposure to surface water sample from the backwater area may at least cause the adverse effects on intestinal function and locomotion behavior in nematodes.

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“…In each plot, GHG flux were made at the row position between plants in croplands, and aboveground vegetation in each plot of grasslands was cut off before gas sampling. Sampling time was selected from 9 a.m. to 11 a.m., when transient emissions represent the mean emission of the day (Li et al, 2016). Gas samples were collected from each chamber at 0, 10, 20 and 30 min after the chamber was deployed using a polypropylene medical syringe through a triple valve.…”

Section: Field Sampling and Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Peer Review #1 of "Greenhouse gas emissions from riparian zone cropland in a tributary bay of the Three Gorges Reservoir, China (v0.1)"

2020

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Background. A huge reservoir was formed by the Three Gorges Dam in China, which also formed a riparian zone along the bank of the reservoir. In the period of low water-level, the riparian zone in tributary bays of the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) was always unordered cultivated, owing to its gentle slope and high soil fertility. This land-use practice creates high potential of generating greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions with periodic water level fluctuation. Methods. To evaluate potential GHG emissions from the soil-air interface, the static opaque chamber method was adopted to evaluate the effect of elevations (180 m, 175 m, 170m and 165 m) and land use types (dry lands, paddy fields and grass fields) from April to September in 2015 and 2016. Results. The results showed that carbon dioxide (CO 2) was the main contributor of GHG emission in riparian zone most likely because of high organic carbon from residues. Furthermore, high soil water content in paddy fields resulted in significantly higher methane (CH 4) flux than that in dry lands and grass fields. Compared to grass fields, anthropogenic activities in croplands were attributed with a decrease of soil total carbon and GHG emissions. However, i nundation duration of different elevations was found to have no significant effect on CH 4 and CO 2 emissions in the riparian zone, and the mean nitrous oxide (N 2 O) flux from dry lands at an elevation of 165m was significantly higher than that of other elevations likely because of tillage and manure application. The high N 2 O fluxes produced from tillage and fertilizer suggested that, in order to potentially mitigate GHG emissions from the riparian zone, more attention must be paid to the farming practices in dry lands at low elevations (below 165m) in the riparian zone. Understanding factors that contribute to GHG emissions will help guide ecological restoration of riparian zones in the TGR.

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Soil–air greenhouse gas fluxes influenced by farming practices in reservoir drawdown area: A case at the Three Gorges Reservoir in China

Cited by 37 publications

References 35 publications

Carbon dioxide emissions from the flat bottom and shallow Nam Theun 2 Reservoir: drawdown area as a neglected pathway to the atmosphere

Carbon dioxide emissions from the flat bottom and shallow Nam Theun 2 Reservoir: drawdown area as a neglected pathway to the atmosphere

Toxicity evaluation of Wanzhou watershed of Yangtze Three Gorges Reservoir in the flood season in Caenorhabditis elegans

Peer Review #1 of "Greenhouse gas emissions from riparian zone cropland in a tributary bay of the Three Gorges Reservoir, China (v0.1)"

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