Soft and stretchable liquid metal transmission lines as distributed probes of multimodal deformations

Leber, Andreas; Dong, Chaoqun; Chandran, Rajasundar; Gupta, Tapajyoti Das; Bartolomei, Nicola; Sorin, Fabien

doi:10.1038/s41928-020-0415-y

Cited by 145 publications

(116 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…4 Recursive Manufacturing: I Nanowire fabrication schematic illustration, via scaling-down of fibers-in-a-bundle, adapted from [22]. II Schematic illustration of the fabrication process of soft transmission lines and the weaving of the resulting fiber into the fabric, demonstrating flexibility and stretchability, adapted from [59]. III Phosphate glass fiber fabrication via a thermal draw, and its subsequent use in FDM 3D printing for the fabrication of designed glass parts, adapted from [15].…”

Section: Recursive Manufacturingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, several examples of integration of functional fibers in the area of flexible electronics are explored in detail by Yan et al [4], emphasizing the readily available technologies that make such integration to everyday objects not only a possibility but a reality. Leber et al provide an excellent demonstration of this concept in [59], where stretchable transmission fibers are fabricated and then woven into fabrics for the creation of a flexible electronic textile able to detect deformations and pressure points (Fig. 4II).…”

Section: Recursive Manufacturingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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3D Printing in Fiber-Device Technology

et al. 2021

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Recent advances in additive manufacturing enable redesigning material morphology on nano-, micro-, and meso-scale, for achieving an enhanced functionality on the macro-scale. From non-planar and flexible electronic circuits, through biomechanically realistic surgical models, to shoe soles individualized for the user comfort, multiple scientific and technological areas undergo material-property redesign and enhancement enabled by 3D printing. Fiber-device technology is currently entering such a transformation. In this paper, we review the recent advances in adopting 3D printing for direct digital manufacturing of fiber preforms with complex cross-sectional architectures designed for the desired thermally drawn fiber-device functionality. Subsequently, taking a recursive manufacturing approach, such fibers can serve as a raw material for 3D printing, resulting in macroscopic objects with enhanced functionalities, from optoelectronic to bio-functional, imparted by the fiber-devices properties. Graphic abstract

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Section: Recursive Manufacturingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Recursive Manufacturingmentioning

confidence: 99%

3D Printing in Fiber-Device Technology

et al. 2021

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“…2) 39,40 . Subsequently, the preform is locally heated above the glass transition temperature of the cladding (here Geniomer) in a furnace and continuously pulled into a uniform and long fiber 41,42 . The dimensions of the fibers, monitored in real time by a laser system, are controllable by tuning the furnace temperature distribution, the preform feeding velocity, and the fiber drawing speed 43 .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

High-efficiency super-elastic liquid metal based triboelectric fibers and textiles

et al. 2020

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Fibers that harvest mechanical energy via the triboelectric effect are excellent candidates as power sources for wearable electronics and functional textiles. Thus far however, their fabrication remains complex, and exhibited performances are below the state-of-the-art of 2D planar configurations, making them impractical. Here, we demonstrate the scalable fabrication of micro-structured stretchable triboelectric fibers with efficiencies on par with planar systems. We use the thermal drawing process to fabricate advanced elastomer fibers that combine a micro-textured surface with the integration of several liquid metal electrodes. Such fibers exhibit high electrical outputs regardless of repeated large deformations, and can sustain strains up to 560%. They can also be woven into deformable machine-washable textiles with high electrical outputs up to 490 V, 175 nC. In addition to energy harvesting, we demonstrate self-powered breathing monitoring and gesture sensing capabilities, making this triboelectric fiber platform an exciting avenue for multi-functional wearable systems and smart textiles.

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“…[ 35–37 ] Moreover, it is widely studied and applied in thermal interface materials and microfluidics. [ 38,39 ] Interfacial effects of RTLMs also bring out as mentioned above significantly superior performances, which have found great potential applications in many fields, including advanced energy management, [ 39,40 ] flexible electronics, [ 32,34 ] microfluidics, [ 41 ] reconfigurable liquid metal antenna, [ 42 ] reversible liquid metal probe, [ 43 ] and biomedicine. [ 44–48 ]…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interfacial Engineering of Room Temperature Liquid Metals

Liu

Cui

et al. 2021

Adv Materials Inter

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and formed spontaneously and instantaneously upon exposure to atmospheric oxygen. [1-3] The thin film or "protective skin" covering the surface of RTLMs, generally dominated the physical properties and applications of the materials. This thin film is composed of a majority fraction of gallium oxides with a much smaller amount of indium and tin oxides. [4] When immersed in acidic or alkaline electrolytes, the oxidic films of RTLMs will be dissolved. [5-8] Due to the disorder of internal structure, the surface of the spherical liquid metal droplet is smooth and removable under the function of surface tension. [9,10] According to the size and structure of the solid substrate, the contact areas between the liquid metal and the solid substrate shows various wetting phenomena and corresponding application scenarios. [11-14] Surface chemical composition plays the primary role in dominating various phenomena and practical applications of RTLMs, which possessed the technologically important and scientifically interesting parameter. Gallium-based liquid metal is similar in structure to conventional solid metal, except for some covalent bonds inside, and the physicochemical properties have the commonality of both metallic solid and fluid properties. [15] The composition of gallium-based alloys can be assumed as made up of several atomic groups, within which the permutation of the solid remains, the binding energy between the liquid atoms remains strong, but the binding force between the groups was broken. The interface refers to the contact area between the different phases, which is the transition layer from one phase to another. The binding force of electrons that are relatively far away from the inner core is related to their energy, causing the interface behavior between different phases to be incompletely consistent. The surface is a type of interface, which specifically refers to the gas phase substance in interfacial behavior. In the processes of thermodynamics, [16,17] surface absorption, [18,19] controllable wetting, [6,13,20] material catalysis, [21,22] redox, and other physical and chemical reactions, [23,24] RTLMs inevitably contact with other substances with different phase states. Even the pure liquid metal would contact with oxygen in the air to yield a thin protective film. [17,25,26] Therefore, the investigation of interfacial behaviors between RTLMs and different surrounding mediums is helpful to renovate and broaden the understanding and applications of liquid metal. So far, there gradually appeared literature on phenomena and mechanism of the interfacial effect of RTLMs, such as synthesis of low-dimensional materials in the gas atmosphere, [27,28] Room temperature liquid metals (RTLMs), especially those made of galliumbased alloys belong to an emerging versatile material with fascinating characteristics derived from its simultaneous metallic and inherent fluidic natures. The interfacial effects of liquid metal involved in diverse surfaces thus play critical roles in explaining many fundamental phenomena....

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Soft and stretchable liquid metal transmission lines as distributed probes of multimodal deformations

Cited by 145 publications

References 53 publications

3D Printing in Fiber-Device Technology

3D Printing in Fiber-Device Technology

High-efficiency super-elastic liquid metal based triboelectric fibers and textiles

Interfacial Engineering of Room Temperature Liquid Metals

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