SOFC fuelled with reformed urea

Cinti, Giovanni; Desideri, Umberto

doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.04.126

Cited by 54 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Besides directly oxidizing urea to N 2 ,C O 2 ,a nd H 2 O, there are studies aiming to convert urea to hydrogen gas first beforee lectricity is produced. Theu sual conversion methods consist of heat ande lectrolysis.U rea starts to decompose to NH 3 and CO 2 at 333 Ka nd can be rapidly cracked at at emperaturea slow as 406 K. [19]…”

Section: Electrochemical Energy Conversion Of Ureamentioning

confidence: 99%

Urea‐Based Fuel Cells and Electrocatalysts for Urea Oxidation

2016

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Urea is a new member of hydrogen‐storage materials for low‐temperature fuel cells. It avoids issues of toxicity and safety compared to NH3 and hydrazine. The main limitation of urea‐based fuel cells is their relatively low power densities due to the sluggish anode reactions. Rapid advances in nanocatalysts used for urea electro‐oxidation have been achieved in lowering overpotential and improving activity. Urine, as a natural resource of urea, is also an environmental pollutant. Most technologies of treating urine with self‐generation electricity are based on microbial fuel cells. However, microbes are only able to utilize the organic substrates rather than urea in urine. Chemical fuel cells in contrast directly oxidize urea to nitrogen gas, removing it from urine. Thus, urea‐based fuel cells have been used as an alternative method to treat urine. In this Minireview, the progress in urea‐based fuel cells and electrocatalysts for urea oxidation is reviewed.

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Section: Electrochemical Energy Conversion Of Ureamentioning

confidence: 99%

Urea‐Based Fuel Cells and Electrocatalysts for Urea Oxidation

2016

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“…Our studies showed that power was sufficient to power LED lights and that urea was not contributing to the generation of power. So far, successful transformation of urea into electrical energy was only demonstrated in conventional fuel cells, including solid oxide fuel cells [8] . An interesting example of a hybrid technique using MFCs was described by Chen et al who reported an electrodialysis system, consisting of an MFC used for alkali production and demonstrated its use for biogas upgrading [9] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regeneration of the power performance of cathodes affected by biofouling

2016

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“…[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10] Water splitting and direct urea fuel cell (DUFC) as promising approaches to produce clean energy recyclable, have been widely investigated recently. Nevertheless, oxygen evolution reaction (OER: 2H 2 O === O 2 + 4H + + 4e − ) suffers from a sluggish kinetics owing to a 4e-transfer process, which is frequently an obstacle to the whole water splitting.…”

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confidence: 99%

Ni Nanoparticles Decorated NiFe Layered Double Hydroxide as Bifunctional Electrochemical Catalyst

Gao

Long

Han

et al. 2017

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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Reducing overpotential and increasing current density remain a great challenge for promoting the application of transition metalsbased layered double hydroxides (LDHs). Herein, Ni nanoparticles (∼10 nm) decorated NiFe LDH ultrathin (thickness: ∼2 nm) nanosheets (Ni NP/NiFe LDH) were successfully synthesized which exhibited advanced electrocatalytic activity and long-term stability on both oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and urea oxidation reaction (UOR). The onset potentials for OER and UOR are 1.50 V and 1.34 V, respectively, both are lower than NiFe LDH under the same conditions. Moreover, the peak current density of UOR was 300 mA/cm 2 , which is much larger than reported precious-metal free UOR catalysts. The excellent catalytic performance of Ni NP/NiFe LDH composite for OER and UOR is proposed to result from the abundant exposed active sites, small charge transfer resistance, and the synergistic effects between NiFe LDH and anchored Ni nanoparticles. This work provides inspiring ideas and helpful guidelines in design of low-cost but highly efficient electrochemical catalysts. The global energy crisis and environmental contamination have prompted intense research into the development of sustainable energy conversion and storage systems.1-10 Water splitting and direct urea fuel cell (DUFC) as promising approaches to produce clean energy recyclable, have been widely investigated recently. Nevertheless, oxygen evolution reaction (OER: 2H 2 O === O 2 + 4H + + 4e − ) suffers from a sluggish kinetics owing to a 4e-transfer process, which is frequently an obstacle to the whole water splitting. Same as OER, urea oxidation reaction (UOR: CO(NH 2 ) 2 + H 2 O === N 2 + 3H 2 + CO 2 ) is also under a multistep proton-coupled electron transfer process, which remains to be a great challenge for DUFC. As a consequence, the sluggish kinetics of OER and UOR lead to considerable overpotential and decrease the efficiency of energy conversion and storage. To achieve efficient energy conversion, much effort has been devoted to the research for robust yet stable electrochemical catalysts with reduced overpotentials. Precious metal based catalysts have shown significant electrocatalytic properties, 11-13 but their high cost and scarcity hamper the commercialization of the technique. Therefore, developing functional nanomaterials composed of cost-effective and abundant elements are on great demand.Owing to the unique physicochemical properties (e.g. tunable metal species/ratios, and exchangeable interlayer spacings, etc.), layered double hydroxides (LDHs) [23][24][25][26][27] and among which, NiFe LDH showed the best performance.28 Nevertheless, reducing the overpotential and increasing the current density remain under intensive pursuit for promoting the application of NiFe LDH. For example, the introduction of conductive materials (graphene, carbon nanotube, etc.) into LDH systems can improve the conductivity of the catalysts 21,22 and hence further enhance their catalytic performance. Herein, we report a bifunctional catalyst ...

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SOFC fuelled with reformed urea

Cited by 54 publications

References 29 publications

Urea‐Based Fuel Cells and Electrocatalysts for Urea Oxidation

Urea‐Based Fuel Cells and Electrocatalysts for Urea Oxidation

Regeneration of the power performance of cathodes affected by biofouling

Ni Nanoparticles Decorated NiFe Layered Double Hydroxide as Bifunctional Electrochemical Catalyst

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