“…The morphology of 4.5 YSZ shows a heterogeneous surface with the presence of blocking phase as it is described in Figure 4. The blocking phase was also found when zirconia from zircon sand was combined with lanthanum gallate material, i.e., La0.8Sr0.2Ga0.8Mg0.2O2- (Rahmawati et al, 2012). The elemental analysis on the blocking point of 4.5 YSZ found that the blocking phase is a silica-rich phase, with 3.03% of silica content and 14.71% of sodium oxide.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 95%
“…Zirconia, ZrO2 was synthesized by caustic fusion method (Soepriyanto et al, 2005;Rahmawati et al, 2012) in which the zircon sand concentrate, ZrSiO4, was crushed with NaOH at a ratio of ZrSiO4: NaOH 1:4. The mixture was then heated at 800 o C to produce a greyish white powder.…”
Doping yttrium ions, Y 3+ into ZrO2 produced Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia, YSZ. Various amount of yttrium ions could provide different ionic conductivity. This research investigated electrical conductivity of various YSZ composition, i.e., 4.5; 8.0 and 10% mol yttrium in ZrO2. The ZrO2 powder used was synthesized from zircon sand, a side product of tin mining plant, Bangka Island, Indonesia. Structural investigation on the prepared YSZ found that yttrium ion doping has changed the crystal structure of ZrO2 from monoclinic to cubic, even though the monoclinic and tetragonal are also still exist. The Y 3+ doping changed the cell parameter of ZrO2 crystal. It indicates that the Y 3+ entered into the ZrO2 structure and produced vacancy sites. The highest ionic conductivity is provided by 8% mol Yttrium doping or 8YSZ, i.e., 2.74×10 -4 S.cm -1 at 700 o C with an activation energy of 0.741 eV.
“…The morphology of 4.5 YSZ shows a heterogeneous surface with the presence of blocking phase as it is described in Figure 4. The blocking phase was also found when zirconia from zircon sand was combined with lanthanum gallate material, i.e., La0.8Sr0.2Ga0.8Mg0.2O2- (Rahmawati et al, 2012). The elemental analysis on the blocking point of 4.5 YSZ found that the blocking phase is a silica-rich phase, with 3.03% of silica content and 14.71% of sodium oxide.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 95%
“…Zirconia, ZrO2 was synthesized by caustic fusion method (Soepriyanto et al, 2005;Rahmawati et al, 2012) in which the zircon sand concentrate, ZrSiO4, was crushed with NaOH at a ratio of ZrSiO4: NaOH 1:4. The mixture was then heated at 800 o C to produce a greyish white powder.…”
Doping yttrium ions, Y 3+ into ZrO2 produced Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia, YSZ. Various amount of yttrium ions could provide different ionic conductivity. This research investigated electrical conductivity of various YSZ composition, i.e., 4.5; 8.0 and 10% mol yttrium in ZrO2. The ZrO2 powder used was synthesized from zircon sand, a side product of tin mining plant, Bangka Island, Indonesia. Structural investigation on the prepared YSZ found that yttrium ion doping has changed the crystal structure of ZrO2 from monoclinic to cubic, even though the monoclinic and tetragonal are also still exist. The Y 3+ doping changed the cell parameter of ZrO2 crystal. It indicates that the Y 3+ entered into the ZrO2 structure and produced vacancy sites. The highest ionic conductivity is provided by 8% mol Yttrium doping or 8YSZ, i.e., 2.74×10 -4 S.cm -1 at 700 o C with an activation energy of 0.741 eV.
“…XRF results indicate the content the tin mines of Bangka island-sand zircon (ZrSiO4) are ZrO2, SiO2, Al2O3, Na2O, MgO, and SO3 [7]. On the other side, the demand on pure ZrO2 becomes high due to the development of materials for energy conversion devices, such as fuel cells [8], semiconductor and semiconductor photocatalyst [9], etc. Therefore, the economic value of zircon sand can be increased by converting this zircon sand into zirconia powder.…”
In this research, a composite of ZrO2-TiO2 was used as a photocatalyst in the degradation of dye wastewater. The dye waste water is a single Methylene Blue, MB, waste water from Batik industry. The ZrO2 was prepared from zircon sand founded from Bangka Island, Indonesia. The composite was prepared at various weight ratios and heat treated at 500 o C. The result shows that the purity of ZrO2 from zircon sand is only 66.46 %. However, the addition of ZrO2 into TiO2 is able to increase the photocatalytic activity which proven by 88.75 % degradation of MB at a ZrO2-TiO2 weight ratio of 1:1. The degradation result is higher than that with anatase TiO2; that is only 62.67 %. The kinetics study found that the photocatalytic degradation of MB with single TiO2 has the rate constant of 1.85×10 -2 minutes -1 . Meanwhile, the rate constant of the MB degradation with the composite ZrO2-TiO2 is 16.73×10 -2 minutes -1 .
“…Thus, the lowering in operating temperature of SOFCs will play an important role in the commercialization of SOFCs. The operating temperature of SOFC can be reduced by developing a highly ionic conducting electrolyte with higher ionic conductivity at lower temperatures [3][4][5][6]. It has been reported that the conductivity of electrolytes at lower temperatures can be enhanced by optimizing the electrolyte composition, microstructure and processing conditions [2].…”
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