Sodium trimetaphosphate and hexametaphosphate impregnated with silver nanoparticles: characteristics and antimicrobial efficacy

Abstract

This study aimed to synthesize and characterize materials containing silver nanoparticles (AgNP) with polyphosphates (sodium trimetaphosphate (TMP) or sodium hexametaphosphate (HMP), and evaluate their effect against Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined, which was followed by the quantification of the biofilm by counting colony-forming units (CFUs), the amount of metabolic activity, and the total biomass. The MICs revealed greater effectiveness of composites containing 10% Ag (TMP + Ag10% (T10) and HMP + Ag10% (H10)) against both microorganisms. It was observed that T10 and H10 reduced the formation of biofilms by 56-76% for C. albicans and by 52-94% for S. mutans for total biomass and metabolic activity. These composites promoted significant log reductions in the number of CFUs, between 0.45-1.43 log for C. albicans and 2.88-3.71 log for S. mutans (p < .001). These composites demonstrated significant antimicrobial activity, especially against S. mutans, and may be considered a potential alternative for new dental materials.

Antibacterial and Antifungal Properties of Silver Nanoparticles—Effect of a Surface-Stabilizing Agent

“…A sodium-hexametaphosphate-induced improvement in AgNP toxicity was also confirmed in further studies conducted by Mendes-Gouvêa et al [124]. The authors documented that the composites of AgNPs and sodium hexametaphosphate significantly reduced the formation of biofilms of C. albicans and Streptococcus mutans.…”

“…Enhancer of bactericidal properties of other biologically active substances [121][122][123][124] All the antioxidants applied during the synthesis of AgNPs possess well-established biocidal properties (Table 4). For this reason, it was expected that AgNPs prepared with their use should be more biocidal for the tested pathogens than TCSBAgNPs and TCAgNPs, which were coated with citrate anions.…”

Silver nanoparticles offer a synergistic effect with fluconazole against fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans by abrogating drug efflux pumps and increasing endogenous ROS

“…AgNPs, has demonstrated its antifungal effects for a long time. Various mechanisms contributed its fungicidal effect, including ROS promotion, blocking the synthesis of ATP, changing surface morphology, cellular ultrastructure, membrane microenvironment, membrane uidity, ergosterol content, and fatty acid composition [45]. Many of these factors are also crucial for drug resistance and pathogenicity of C. albicans.…”

Application of Antimicrobial Nanoparticles in Dentistry

“…Studies in vitro showed that the mouthwash solution containing TiO 2 NPs showed superior antibacterial activity against oral pathogenic microorganisms [151]. Nanoparticles of Zn [152,153], Ag [2,154,155,156,157,158,159,160] synergistic with CHX [161,162] or doxycycline [163] showed significant antibacterial effect in an in vitro subgingival biofilm mode. Hexagonal form of boron nitride (hBN)—referred as “white graphite”—showed high antibiofilm activity on preformed biofilm and exhibited no cytotoxic effect on cells at the concentration range of 0.025–0.1 mg/mL [164].…”