Sodium nitroprusside enhances biomass and gymnemic acids production in cell suspension of Gymnema sylvestre (Retz.) R.Br. ex. Sm.

Abstract

Gymnema sylvestre (Retz.) R.Br. ex Sm. is widely used as an e cient Ayurvedic traditional medicine for the treatment of diabetes. Phytochemical investigations of this plant showed gymnemic acids (a group of triterpenoid saponins) as the main active components. The present study aims to investigate the effectiveness of sodium nitroprusside (SNP) treatment for enhancement of cell suspension culture biomass and to evaluate their deacylgymnemic acid, gymnemagenin, gymnemic acid IV and gymnemic acid XVII contents of G. sylvestre. Callus was obtained from in vitro derived leaves of G. sylvestre on MS medium forti ed with 3.0 mg/L 2, 4-D (2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) and 2.0 mg/L Kn (Kinetin), and the same were used further to produce cell suspension cultures. Cell suspensions were exposed to different concentrations of SNP (5, 10, 20 and 40 µM) and data were collected at 20, 30 and 40 days. Out of the tested concentrations, 20 µM SNP had the highest level of cell culture growth (398.94 ± 8.32 g/L FCW and 40.00 ± 0.75 g/L DCW) on 40-day as compared to control. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis showed that maximum accumulation of deacylgymnemic acid (5.51 mg/g DCW), gymnemagenin (2.80 mg/g DCW) and gymnemic acid XVII (2.08 mg/g DCW) in 20 µM SNP treatment which is (13.43, 13.86 and17.33 folds) higher than the respective control at 40 days exposure. This research suggests that G. sylvestre cell suspension culture with optimal SNP elicitation treatment could be used as a good strategy for the large-scale production of these secondary metabolites at the industrial level.

Effect of Stress Signals and Ib-rolB/C Overexpression on Secondary Metabolite Biosynthesis in Cell Cultures of Ipomoea batatas

“…Low doses of sodium nitroprusside (SNP) (10 µM) demonstrated an apparent growth-promoting effect, while high concentrations of this elicitor (50 and 100 µM) caused a negative effect. Our results are in accordance with the previous reports [ 60 , 61 , 62 ], where lower concentrations of SA and SNP were able to induce biomass accumulation in plant cultures like Fagonia indica , Allium sativum , and Gymnema sylvestre . The effect of MeJA also was not uncommon as many investigators have previously demonstrated its inhibitory effects on plant cell growth [ 16 , 63 , 64 , 65 ].…”

“…A growth in CGA and its derivatives in response to MeJA and SA in Gardenia jasminoides cell suspensions was also observed [ 24 ], although no effect of MeJA or SA on the biosynthesis of diCQAs was detected in Cynara cardunculus intact leaves [ 75 ]. SNP is a nitric oxide (NO) donor which causes secondary metabolism in the cell cultures of G. sylvestre [ 62 ], A. annua [ 76 ], and Taxus yunnanensis [ 77 ].…”

Trichoderma and sodium nitroprusside elicitation improves vinblastine and vincristine yield by increasing TIA pathway genes expression in cell suspension of Catharanthus roseus

“…Application of SNP elicitor increases the production of secondary metabolites and stimulates the expression of genes in the biosynthetic pathway of valuable medicinal compounds in plants (Zhou et al 2010). Mahendran et al (2021) reported that SNP at different concentrations (5, 10, 20, and 40 µM) in the cell suspension of the antidiabetic drug Gymnema sylvestre increases valuable secondary metabolites of this plant and their biosynthetic genes. Concentrations of 20 µM up to day 40 of the treatment resulted in the highest fresh and dry cell weight.…”

“…NO has fundamental role in plant growth (Khurana et al 2011), signaling and regulating plant defense or stress responses (Amooaghaie and Korrani 2018), induce secondary metabolites like alkaloids accumulation (Xu and Dong 2005) and balances the ROS damage by affecting the expression of antioxidant genes (Khan et al 2017). Mahendran et al (2021) reported Gymnema sylvestre cell suspensions exposed to 20 µM SNP treatment led to increase deacylgymnemic acid, gymnemagenin and gymnemic acid XVII 13.43, 13.86 and 17.33-fold higher than the control, respectively. According to Cai et al (2012) report, elicitors cause cellular stress that could be consider by antioxidant enzymes, which scavenge stress levels in tissues.…”