Sodium lignin sulfonate: a bio-macromolecule for making fire retardant cotton fabric

Biobased lignin represents one of the possible materials for next-generation flame retardant additives due to its sustainability, environmental benefits and comparable efficiency to other flame retardant (FR) additives. In this context, this study presents the development of FR polyamide 11 (PA11) multifilament yarns and fabric structures containing different industrial lignins (i.e., lignosulfonate lignin (LL), and Kraft lignin (KL)) and zinc phosphinate (ZnP). The combination of ZnP and lignin (KL or LL) at different weight ratios were used to prepare flame retarded PA11 blends by melt mixing using a twin-screw extruder. These blends were transformed into continuous multifilament yarns by the melt-spinning process even at a high concentration of additives as 20 wt%. The mechanical test results showed that the combination of KL and ZnP achieved higher strength and filaments showed regularity in structure as compared to the LL and ZnP filaments. Thermogravimetric (TG) analysis showed the incorporation of lignin induces the initial decomposition (T5%) at a lower temperature; at the same time, maximum decomposition (Tmax) shifts to a higher temperature region and a higher amount of char residue is reported at the end of the test. Further, the TGA-FTIR study revealed that the ternary blends (i.e., the combination of LL or KL, ZnP, and PA11) released mainly the phosphinate compound, hydrocarbon species, and a small amount of phosphinic acid during the initial decomposition stage (T5%), while hydrocarbons, carbonyls, and phenolic compounds along with CO2 are released during main decomposition stage (Tmax). The analysis of decomposition products suggests the stronger bonds formation in the condensed phase and the obtainment of a stable char layer. Cone calorimetry exploited to study the fire behavior on sheet samples (polymer bulk) showed an improvement in flame retardant properties with increasing lignin content in blends and most enhanced results were found when 10 wt% of LL and ZnP were combined such as a reduction in heat release rate (HRR) up to 64% and total heat release (THR) up to 22%. Besides, tests carried out on knitted fabric structure showed less influence on HRR and THR but the noticeable effect on postponing the time to ignition (TTI) and reduction in the maximum average rate of heat emission (MARHE) value during combustion.

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“…However, in this study evolution of SO 2 is not detected by TGA-FTIR analysis. Shukla et al also reported a similar finding [43].…”

Section: Thermal Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 57%

Development of Novel Polyamide 11 Multifilaments and Fabric Structures Based on Industrial Lignin and Zinc Phosphinate as Flame Retardants

et al. 2020

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“… 421 Soaking of a cotton fabric in sodium lignosulfonate at 30 wt% loading concentration decreased the peak heat release rate (PHRR) and total heat release (THR) in a cone calorimeter test by 26% and 58%, respectively. 419 When melt extruded with PLA, the presence of 5 wt% of SKL resulted in a char residue fraction of 4.2% at 500 °C, whereas PLA alone degraded completely under the same conditions. 422 …”

Section: Applications Of Lignin Composites and Hybridsmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…It is thus not surprising that there are many studies describing lignin as a char forming agent in fire retardant systems. 418,419 Lignosulfonates seem to be more thermally stable compared to all other technical lignin types when judged based on the percentage of char residues by thermogravimetric analysis. For example, the char yield at 500°C of a sodium lignosulfonate was 58% compared to 41% for SKL.…”

Section: Flame Retardancymentioning

confidence: 99%

Multifunctional lignin-based nanocomposites and nanohybrids

et al. 2021

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“…The widely used gas-phase process involves inert gas dilution and chemical quenching (scavenging) of active radicals. The former refers to the release of non-combustible gases during combustion, diluting the oxygen supply to the flame and/or the fuel concentration to below the flammability limit [ 105 , 106 , 107 , 108 , 109 ]. As mentioned above, several gas-phase flame retardants containing bromine and chlorine are in use, but there is an increasing need for additional non-halogenated gas-phase flame retardants.…”

Section: Types Of Flame Retardantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fire-Safe Polymer Composites: Flame-Retardant Effect of Nanofillers

Kim¹,

Lee

Yoon

2021

Polymers

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Currently, polymers are competing with metals and ceramics to realize various material characteristics, including mechanical and electrical properties. However, most polymers consist of organic matter, making them vulnerable to flames and high-temperature conditions. In addition, the combustion of polymers consisting of different types of organic matter results in various gaseous hazards. Therefore, to minimize the fire damage, there has been a significant demand for developing polymers that are fire resistant or flame retardant. From this viewpoint, it is crucial to design and synthesize thermally stable polymers that are less likely to decompose into combustible gaseous species under high-temperature conditions. Flame retardants can also be introduced to further reinforce the fire performance of polymers. In this review, the combustion process of organic matter, types of flame retardants, and common flammability testing methods are reviewed. Furthermore, the latest research trends in the use of versatile nanofillers to enhance the fire performance of polymeric materials are discussed with an emphasis on their underlying action, advantages, and disadvantages.

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Sodium lignin sulfonate: a bio-macromolecule for making fire retardant cotton fabric

Cited by 70 publications

References 42 publications

Development of Novel Polyamide 11 Multifilaments and Fabric Structures Based on Industrial Lignin and Zinc Phosphinate as Flame Retardants

Development of Novel Polyamide 11 Multifilaments and Fabric Structures Based on Industrial Lignin and Zinc Phosphinate as Flame Retardants

Multifunctional lignin-based nanocomposites and nanohybrids

Fire-Safe Polymer Composites: Flame-Retardant Effect of Nanofillers

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