Sodium is the Leading Dietary Factor Associated with Urinary Calcium Excretion in Hong Kong Chinese Adults

Ho, Sai-Yin; Chen, Y.-M.; Woo, Jean; Leung, Stephen C. H.; Lam, Tai Hing; Janus, Edward

doi:10.1007/s001980170047

Cited by 28 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Food items were those most frequently consumed based on previous local surveys [10], [11]. The food items and reference portion size (Chinese bowl) in our dietary records were similar to our previously validated one-week food frequency questionnaire [6]. Subjects received a 30-min training on estimation of food amounts, portion and utensil sizes.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, studies estimating salt consumption using timed urine samples, characterizing the food groups to assess contributions to the source of sodium as well as the associations with urinary sodium excretion are limited in Asian population. No study had been conducted among postmenopausal women with pre-hypertension or early hypertension, a population at high risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD), declining renal function as well as osteoporosis (the major adverse medical conditions [4] [5] [6] linked with excessive sodium intake). Furthermore, potassium has been recognized as a protective factor for hypertension [7] and a proposed modifier of the association between sodium intake and CVD [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Urinary Sodium Excretion and Dietary Sources of Sodium Intake in Chinese Postmenopausal Women with Prehypertension

Liu

Tang

et al. 2014

PLoS ONE

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BackgroundReducing salt intake in communities is one of the most effective and affordable public health strategies to prevent hypertension, stroke and renal disease. The present study aimed to determine the sodium intake in Hong Kong Chinese postmenopausal women and identify the major food sources contributing to sodium intake and urine excretion.MethodsThis was a cross-sectional study among 655 Chinese postmenopausal women with prehypertension who were screened for a randomized controlled trial. Data collection included 24 h urine collection for the measurement of sodium, potassium and creatinine, 3-day dietary records, anthropometric measures and questionnaire survey on demographic data and dietary habits.ResultsThe average salt intake estimated from urinary excretion was 7.8±3.2 g/d with 82.1% women above WHO recommendation of 5 g/day. Food groups as soup (21.6%), rice and noodles (13.5%), baked cereals (12.3%), salted/preserved foods (10.8%), Chinese dim sum (10.2%) and sea foods (10.1%) were the major contributors of non-discretionary salt. Discretionary salt use in cooking made a modest contribution to overall intake. Vegetable and fruit intake, age, sodium intake from salted foods, sea foods and soup were the independent determinants of urinary sodium excretion.ConclusionsOur data revealed a significant room for reduction of the sodium intake. Efforts to reduce sodium from diets in Hong Kong Chinese postmenopausal women should focus on both processed foods and discretionary salt during cooking. Sodium reduction in soup and increase in fruit intake would be potentially effective strategy for reducing sodium.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Urinary Sodium Excretion and Dietary Sources of Sodium Intake in Chinese Postmenopausal Women with Prehypertension

Liu

Tang

et al. 2014

PLoS ONE

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“…This has been confirmed in the Hong Kong Chinese population. 9 Increased urinary calcium loss predisposes to increased bone loss and osteoporosis. A direct connection may also occur through the calcium-dependent vasoactive properties of calcium-regulating hormones, which are linked to the activity of the rennin-angiotensin system.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary intake, blood pressure and osteoporosis

et al. 2008

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Both hypertension and osteoporosis have common underlying nutritional aetiology, with regards to dietary cations intake. We tested the hypothesis that sodium intake reflected in urinary Na/Cr and blood pressure would be negatively associated with bone mineral density (BMD), whereas other cations may have opposite associations. Subjects were part of a study of bone health in 4000 men and women aged 65 years and over. A total of 1098 subjects who were not on antihypertensive drugs or calcium supplements and who provided urine samples were available for analysis. Logistic regression was used to examine associations between total hip and lumbar spine BMD, age, gender, body mass index (BMI), urinary Na/Cr, K/Cr, calcium and magnesium intake, systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure. Total hip BMD was inversely associated with age, being female and urinary Na/Cr, and positively associated with BMI, urine K/Cr and dietary calcium intake. Lumbar spine BMD was inversely associated with being female and urinary Na/Cr, and positively associated with BMI, dietary calcium intake and SBP. We conclude that sodium intake, reflected by urinary Na/Cr, is the major factor linking blood pressure and osteoporosis as shown by the inverse relationship with BMD. The findings lend further emphasis to the health benefits of salt reduction in our population both in terms of hypertension and osteoporosis.

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“…Excessive sodium intake increases the incidence of cerebrovascular and cardiovascular diseases due to high blood pressure [50]. It has also been reported that excessive sodium intake has an influence on obesity, gastric cancer, urolithiasis, and osteoporosis [51][52][53].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Selection of Target Nutrients for the Nutritional Standards of School Lunches in Korea

Kim¹,

Kim²,

Yoon

2019

Preprint

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The purpose of this study was to select target nutrients to be included in the nutritional standards of school lunches in Korea. The dietary intake data of children and adolescents aged 6-17 years old from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Ⅵ were analyzed for eight groups based on gender and age (6-8, 9-11, 12-14, and 15-17 years old). First, the usual intake of the 3,091 subjects was estimated and assessed to identify nutrients with insufficient or excessive intake prevalence. Along with the nutrients identified by the assessment, the energy and nutrients prioritized in the meal planning procedure of the 2015 Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans were the initial candidates: energy, the percentages of energy from carbohydrates, protein, and fat, vitamin A, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin C, calcium, phosphorus, sodium, and iron. Phosphorus was excluded due to little evidence of clinical symptoms caused by insufficient intake. Sodium was excluded because reliable data on added salt were not available among the school lunch recipes in Korea. Therefore, energy, the percentages of energy from carbohydrates, protein, and fat, vitamin A, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin C, calcium, and iron were selected to be included in the nutritional standards of school lunches in Korea.

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Sodium is the Leading Dietary Factor Associated with Urinary Calcium Excretion in Hong Kong Chinese Adults

Cited by 28 publications

References 26 publications

Urinary Sodium Excretion and Dietary Sources of Sodium Intake in Chinese Postmenopausal Women with Prehypertension

Urinary Sodium Excretion and Dietary Sources of Sodium Intake in Chinese Postmenopausal Women with Prehypertension

Dietary intake, blood pressure and osteoporosis

Selection of Target Nutrients for the Nutritional Standards of School Lunches in Korea

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