Sodium ferulate protects against influenza virus infection by activation of the TLR7/9-MyD88-IRF7 signaling pathway and inhibition of the NF-κB signaling pathway

Nutraceuticals have potential for boosting the type 1 interferon response to RNA viruses including influenza and coronavirus

“…[7][8][9] The ability of sodium ferulate to activate TLR7, stimulate type 1 interferon production, and enhance survival in influenza A-infected mice, might be secondary to HO-1 induction, and possibly reflects an additional effect of ferulate per se (as TLR9 was also found to be activated). 10 Moreover, the phycocyanobilin (PCB) chromophore of cyanobacteria (such as spirulina) and many types of blue-green algae, a biliverdin metabolite, has been shown to mimic the NAPDH oxidase inhibiting activity of unconjugated bilirubin, likely because it is rapidly converted within cells to phycocyanorubin, a compound very similar in structure to bilirubin. 11,12 This phenomenon likely explains many of the profound antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects observed when spirulina, phycocyanin (the prominent spirulina protein incorporating PCB as a chromophore), or PCB itself are administered in rodent models of human pathology.…”

TLR7 Modulated T Cell Response in the Mesenteric Lymph Node of Schistosoma japonicum-Infected C57BL/6 Mice

“…Among all the TLRs identified, TLR7 is an intracellular member of the innate immune receptor that recognizes intracellular single-stranded and double-stranded RNA [25]. It was reported that TLR7 was involved in the progress of autoimmune disease [26], graft-versus-host disease [27], and infectious diseases [28]. For example, TLR7 could be detected on different CD4 + and CD8 + T cell subpopulations from blood of hepatitis C virus infected patients by flow cytometry [29].…”

Screening druggable targets and predicting therapeutic drugs for COVID-19 via integrated bioinformatics analysis

“…Elsewhere, a study by Shi et al reported that TLR3 and TLR7 could enhance the inflammatory damage caused by the overproduction of IL-1 and IL-6 in virus infection (Shi et al 2020). Even though TLR3, -7 and − 9 usually accelerates the inflammatory reaction, in some circumstances, they recognize viral nucleic acids and rapidly trigger different signaling cascades that contribute to the production of IFNs to antiviral defense (Zhu et al 2019). C-X-C chemokine 10 (CXCL10) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) are pro-inflammatory chemokines, both of which play crucial roles in severe lung damage caused by cytokine storms (Coperchini et al 2020).…”