Socioeconomic Status and Coronary Heart Disease Risk: The Role of Social Cognitive Factors

Phillips, Jennifer; Klein, William M. P.

doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2010.00295.x

Cited by 23 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 179 publications

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“…Particularly, the lack of physical activity is ranked fourth, among the risk factors, and causes an estimated 3.2 million deaths worldwide 4 . Recent studies support the idea that the level of physical activity is inversely related to coronary heart disease (CHD) 4 and CVD morbidity or mortality 5 . Although limited data exists for older adults, physical activity has demonstrated to be beneficial in cardiovascular health.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

The role of habitual physical activity on arterial stiffness in elderly Individuals: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Park

Lim

et al. 2017

JENB

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[Purpose]Physical inactivity behavior at middle age or older is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. However, the effects of levels of habitual physical activity on arterial stiffness in elderly population remain unclear currently. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to demonstrate whether the effects of habitual physical activity could attenuate arterial stiffness in elderly individuals via a meta-analysis. [Methods]We searched the Medline and Embase databases from January 1997 through November 2017, using the medical subject headings “older population”, “physical activity” (e.g., walking, cycling, climbing, and any participation in sports), “arterial stiffness”, “pulse wave velocity”, and “cardiovascular health” published in English. Six articles (2,932 participants) were included in this meta-analysis. We investigated the effects of habitual physical activity on arterial stiffness, which was measured by the pulse wave velocity. [Results]Results confirmed heterogeneity (Q-value = 160.691, p = 0.000, I2 = 96.888) between individual studies. The effect size was calculated using random effect model. It has shown that physically active individuals have significantly lower arterial stiffness than their sedentary peers do (standardized mean difference: -1.017 ± 0.340, 95% confidence interval: -1.684 ~ -0.350, p = 0.003). [Conclusion]Findings of our systematic review and meta-analysis indicate that habitual physical activity can significantly ameliorate arterial stiffness in the elderly population.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

The role of habitual physical activity on arterial stiffness in elderly Individuals: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Park

Lim

et al. 2017

JENB

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“…Male sex, absence of physical disability and SES were positively associated with the number of risk factors controlled. Higher SES has been consistently associated with better risk factor control 47 in secondary prevention of CVD and even within the HAALSI cohort, hypertension was better managed in those individuals from higher SES 25 . A possible explanation for the male sex and absence of physical disability results might be related to a better adherence to treatment in these two groups, when compared to females and individuals with co-morbidities 48, 49 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Disparities in Management of Cardiovascular Disease in Rural South Africa

Jardim¹,

Reiger²,

Abrahams‐Gessel³

et al. 2017

Circ: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes

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Background Optimal secondary prevention is critical for the reduction of repeated cardiovascular events and the control of cardiovascular risk factors in this context is essential. Data on secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in sub-Saharan Africa are needed to inform intervention strategies, with a particular focus on local disparities. The aim of this study was to assess CVD management in a rural community in northeast South Africa. Methods and Results We recruited adults aged ≥ 40 years residing in the Agincourt sub-district of Mpumalanga province. Data collection included socioeconomic and clinical data, anthropometric measures, blood pressure, HIV status and point-of-care glucose and lipid levels. CVD was defined as self-report of myocardial infarction and stroke, or angina diagnosed by Rose Criteria. A linear regression model was built to identify variables independently associated with the number of cardiovascular risk factors controlled. Out of 5,059 subjects, 592 (11.7%) met CVD diagnostic criteria. Angina was reported in 77.0% of these subjects, stroke in 25.2% and myocardial infarction in 3.7%. Percent controlled of the five individual risk factors assessed were as follows: tobacco 92.9%; blood pressure 51.2%; BMI 33.8%; LDL 31.4%; and waist-to-hip ratio 29.7%. Only 4.4% had all five risk factors controlled and 42.4% had three or more risk factors controlled. Male sex (β-coefficient=0.44; 95%CI 0.25–0.63; p<0.001), absence of physical disability (β-coefficient=0.40; 95%CI 0.16–0.65; p=0.001) and socioeconomic status (SES) (β-coefficient=0.10; 95%CI 0.01–0.19; p=0.035) were directly associated with the number of risk factors controlled. Conclusions Currently, CVD is not being optimally managed in this rural area of South Africa. There are significant disparities in control of CVD risk factors by sex, SES, and level of disability. Efforts to improve secondary prevention in this population should be focused on females, subjects from lower SES, and those with physical disabilities.

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“…As noted above, previous research has focused mostly on relatively stable psychosocial factors that differ by SEP, in order to explain the graded SEP–health association and increased health risk beyond material resources, access to health care, and traditional behavioral and biologic risk factors (Matthews & Gallo, ; Phillips & Klein, ). This approach has focused less directly on the proximal interpersonal experiences that may not only explain the increased prevalence of psychosocial vulnerabilities in low SEP environments but also more directly link those psychosocial vulnerabilities to the physiological mechanisms that contribute to CHD.…”

Section: Recurring Interpersonal Experiences: a Point Of Integrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The graded relationship between SEP and health has been interpreted as evidence that social stratification, not simply objective socioeconomic resources, affects physical health (e.g., Quon & McGrath, ). This, along with the fact that low SEP confers risk for CHD independent of traditional biologic and behavioral risk factors and health care access (e.g., Pampel, Krueger, & Denney, ), has led to the hypothesis that a parallel social stratification of psychosocial risk factors, such as aspects of emotional adjustment and personality (e.g., depression, hostility, and pessimism), qualities of personal relationships (e.g., social isolation, low support, and high conflict), and features of broader social environments (e.g., job stress; Steptoe & Kivimaki, ), contributes to the association of SEP with CHD (Adler, ; Gallo & Matthews, ; Gallo, Bogart, Vranceanu, & Matthews, ; Matthews & Gallo, ; Phillips & Klein, ). In this view, stable psychological and social correlates of low SEP promote CHD.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Social status, everyday interpersonal processes, and coronary heart disease: A social psychophysiological view

Cundiff

Smith

2017

Social & Personality Psych

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Lower socioeconomic position is associated with increased risk of coronary heart disease. This robust gradient is found across levels of socioeconomic position and after controlling access to health care and traditional biological and behavioral risk factors. Thus, previous theory and research has examined the role of other, relatively static psychosocial factors (e.g., social isolation and negative emotional traits) that may account for this association. Utilizing an interpersonal perspective on psychosocial risk (Smith & Cundiff, ; Smith, Gallo, & Ruiz, ; Smith, Glazer, Ruiz, & Gallo, ), this review examines the role of recurring interpersonal experiences and their physiological effects as a pathway linking socioeconomic position and coronary heart disease. Specifically, we focus on proximal interpersonal experiences that may not only explain the increased prevalence of more chronic psychosocial vulnerabilities in lower socioeconomic environments and individuals but may also link those psychosocial vulnerabilities to the momentary physiological mechanisms (i.e., stress responses) that directly contribute to coronary heart disease. Recurring experiences of reduced support and increased conflict in important personal relationships, work stress, multiple aspects of interactions with higher‐status others, the effects of negative stereotypes about lower socioeconomic groups and individuals, greater use of suppressive strategies for emotion regulation and greater negative consequences for more direct and expressive social behavior, and greater engagement in perseverative cognition all plausibly combine to perpetuate psychosocial risk and produce overall greater physiological burden at lower levels of socioeconomic position.

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Socioeconomic Status and Coronary Heart Disease Risk: The Role of Social Cognitive Factors

Cited by 23 publications

References 179 publications

The role of habitual physical activity on arterial stiffness in elderly Individuals: a systematic review and meta-analysis

The role of habitual physical activity on arterial stiffness in elderly Individuals: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Disparities in Management of Cardiovascular Disease in Rural South Africa

Social status, everyday interpersonal processes, and coronary heart disease: A social psychophysiological view

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