Socioeconomic Inequality in Malnutrition in Under-5 Children in Iran: Evidence From the Multiple Indicator Demographic and Health Survey, 2010

Kia, Abdollah Almasian; Rezapour, Aziz; Khosravi, Ardeshir; Abarghouei, Vajiheh Afzali

doi:10.3961/jpmph.17.028

Cited by 22 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…[60]. This finding is similar with results from a cross-sectional study carried out in Mozambique, and Iran [61, 62]. On the other hand, in several countries, the rate of stunting in children living in slums is higher than in the rest of urban areas or rural areas [63].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

Determinants of stunting among under-five children in Ethiopia: a multilevel mixed-effects analysis of 2016 Ethiopian demographic and health survey data

et al. 2019

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Background Childhood stunting is the most widely prevalent among under-five children in Ethiopia. Despite the individual-level factors of childhood stunting are well documented, community-level factors have not been given much attention in the country. This study aimed to identify individual- and community-level factors associated with stunting among under-five children in Ethiopia. Methods Cross-sectional data from the 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey was used. A total of 8855 under-five children and 640 community clusters were included in the current analysis. A multilevel logistic regression model was used at 5% level of significance to determine the individual- and community-level factors associated with childhood stunting. Results The prevalence of stunting was found to be 38.39% in Ethiopian under-five children. The study showed that the percentage change in variance of the full model accounted for about 53.6% in odds of childhood stunting across the communities. At individual-level, ages of the child above 12 months, male gender, small size of the child at birth, children from poor households, low maternal education, and being multiple birth had significantly increased the odds of childhood stunting. At community-level, children from communities of Amhara, Tigray, and Benishangul more suffer from childhood stunting as compared to Addis Ababa’s community children. Similarly, children from Muslim, Orthodox and other traditional religion followers had higher log odds of stunting relative to children of the protestant community. Conclusions This study showed individual- and community-level factors determined childhood stunting in Ethiopian children. Promotion of girl education, improving the economic status of households, improving maternal nutrition, improving age-specific child feeding practices, nutritional care of low birth weight babies, promotion of context-specific child feeding practices and narrowing rural-urban disparities are recommended.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

Determinants of stunting among under-five children in Ethiopia: a multilevel mixed-effects analysis of 2016 Ethiopian demographic and health survey data

et al. 2019

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“…The results of this study showed that the prevalence rates of underweight and wasting in Iranian children were 11% and 5%, respectively. However, in another study, the prevalence rates of underweight and wasting were reported to be 5.7% and 3.29%, respectively [ 22 ]. An anthropometric nutritional indicator survey conducted on Iranian preschool children in 1998 reported the underweight and wasting to be 10.8% and 4.9%, respectively [ 23 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Additionally, the prevalence of wasting in the western and central regions is low, in the southern region is high, and in the northern parts of the country and at the national level is scarce. Based on the Millennium Development Goals report published in 2015 [ 22 ], the prevalence of overweight at the national level in Iran is lower than the global prevalence and those in developing countries [ 22 ]. In this study, the subnational division was performed based on the geographical regions and SES of the parts of the country.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The prevalence of wasting and underweight has decreased over the recent years in Iran, and the main reasons behind this decrease are development of healthcare centers and improved access to the health services as well as implementation of primary health care network across the country [ 22 ]. According to the results of previous studies, the factors related to underweight and wasting were attributed to prematurity, intrauterine growth retardation, small for gestational age, lack of appropriate and sufficient feeding of infants by mothers’ milk and colostrum, and inadequate health education [ 33 , 34 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prevalence of underweight and wasting in Iranian children aged below 5 years: a systematic review and meta-analysis

et al. 2018

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Purpose Wasting and underweight are the 2 main indicators of children’s undernutrition. We aimed to estimate the prevalence of undernutrition at the national level in Iran.Methods We performed a search for original articles published in international and Iranian databases including MEDLINE, Web of Science, Google Scholar, Scopus, CINHAL (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature), Scientific Information Database, Irandoc, Iranmedex, and Magiran during January 1989–August 2017. Seven keywords, in English and Persian, including malnutrition, protein energy malnutrition, growth disorders, underweight wasting, weight loss, children below 5 years old, and children, were used to search the databases.Results Finally, 17 articles were included in the meta-analysis, based on which the prevalence of underweight and wasting in Iranian children were estimated to be 11% and 5%, respectively. The prevalence rates of underweight among children in the central, western, southern, and northern parts of Iran and at the national level were 24%, 5%, 20%, 17%, and 6%, respectively. The prevalence rates of wasting in the central, western, southern, and northern parts of Iran and at the national level were 9%, 4%, 11%, 5%, and 4%, respectively.Conclusion Although the prevalence of underweight and wasting in Iran was low, some parts of the country showed high prevalence. The main reason behind this difference in the prevalence of malnutrition may be due to the level of development in different regions.

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“…Since cultural and behavioral factors can be effective in children's malnutrition and its risk factors (18,19), the results of studies conducted in other countries might not be consistent with our observations in Iran. Because of the high prevalence of childhood malnutrition in Iran (3,20), interventions are necessary for improving child feeding. To establish such interventions, authorities need some information about the problems and risk factors.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationship of Malnutrition in Children with Food and Nutrition Insecurity in Fars Province, Iran

et al. 2021

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Background: Because of the high prevalence and serious complications of malnutrition in children, in this study, we aimed to evaluate the association of malnutrition in children with food and nutrition insecurity in Fars Province, Iran. Methods: In this case-control study, all 6 - 60-month-old children living in Fars Province in 2015, whose weight-for-age curve was below the third percentile, were included as the malnourished group (case group). Also, 1000 sex- and age-matched children without any growth retardations were selected as the well-nourished group (control group). The children’s food and nutrition insecurity was evaluated using a questionnaire consisting of the child's feeding, household sanitation status, and food security, besides maternal knowledge and practice about child nutrition. Finally, the food insecurity status of the two groups was compared. Results: Based on the findings, 943 (47.1%) children lived in food-insecure households, with a higher percentage of malnourished children than well-nourished ones (57.8% vs. 36.5%; P < 0.001). The probability of malnutrition in children with unemployed fathers was twice as high as those with full-time working fathers (OR = 0.56, 95% CI: 0.38 - 0.83). Malnutrition in children was significantly associated with their birth weight (P < 0.001), maternal body mass index (P < 0.001), maternal knowledge and practice about child feeding (P < 0.001 for both), and having sanitary latrines at home as an indicator of household sanitary status (P < 0.001). Conclusions: Malnutrition in children had significant associations with many aspects of food and nutrition insecurity. To decrease the prevalence of malnutrition, health systems, and other organizations should design policies to improve food insecurity, especially those focusing on family education and nutritional support for low socioeconomic families.

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Socioeconomic Inequality in Malnutrition in Under-5 Children in Iran: Evidence From the Multiple Indicator Demographic and Health Survey, 2010

Cited by 22 publications

References 24 publications

Determinants of stunting among under-five children in Ethiopia: a multilevel mixed-effects analysis of 2016 Ethiopian demographic and health survey data

Determinants of stunting among under-five children in Ethiopia: a multilevel mixed-effects analysis of 2016 Ethiopian demographic and health survey data

Prevalence of underweight and wasting in Iranian children aged below 5 years: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Relationship of Malnutrition in Children with Food and Nutrition Insecurity in Fars Province, Iran

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