“Socioeconomic inequalities in children's accessibility to food retailing: Examining the roles of mobility and time”

Exploring Student Food Behaviour in Relation to Food Retail over the Time of Implementing Ontario’s School Food and Beverage Policy

“…The average number of food retail outlets was also significantly higher around schools in lower-income areas. This finding is consistent with the literature [14,15,16,17], and the availability of these food environments has been shown to be strongly related to students’ eating behaviours during the school day [13]. The connection between unhealthy food outlets in low-income neighbourhoods and increased likeliness of children being overweight or obese has also been observed in Toronto, Ontario [43].…”

“…Furthermore, children attending schools in low-income areas have been shown to have greater objectively measured accessibility to fast-food outlets as they move throughout the day. In other words, even when taking account of mobility patterns of these children during the day, those from low-income areas have easier access to unhealthy food outlets [15]. Thus, specific population groups may require additional attention in regard to the implementation of school policy to support its role in promoting healthy eating.…”

“…For example, Laxer and Janssen [14] found that youth from schools with moderate or high density of fast-food restaurants were more likely to be excessive fast-food consumers than those from neighbourhoods without fast-food restaurants. Schools in lower-income areas have also been shown to have higher density of unhealthy food sources than high-income neighbourhoods [15,16,17]. With potentially less appealing food choices available at school, compounded with the fact that many students are permitted to leave school grounds during the school day, the policy impact of P/PM 150 could be weakened.…”

Beyond maternal education: Socio-economic inequalities in children’s diet in the ABCD cohort

“…While parents are likely have a decisive role in the food consumption pattern of young children, meso-level factors such as neighbourhood SES might play an indirect role on children's diets [8] via its influence on mothers (and fathers) via the food environment. Childhood overweight prevalence is unevenly distributed across neighbourhoods [12] and there is evidence that individuals living in low-income neighbourhoods are subject to a greater degree of food advertising [13] and have greater accessibility to unhealthy food establishments and lower accessibility to healthy food stores [14]. At the same time, there is evidence for an association between SES and food costs for diet quality [15,16].…”

Prevalence and Determinants of Overweight and Obesity in Preschoolers in Miami-Dade County

“…In the model we attempt to explain biological plausibility and temporarily through biosocial pathways linking place to health throughout the various stages in the life course (Daniel, et al, 2008). Lower socioeconomic position resulting from lack of social, geographical mobility and income inequalities is likely to present cumulative risks of overweight and obesity (Elhakeem, Hardy, Bann, Caleyachetty, Cosco, et al, 2016;Ravensbergen, Buliung, Wilson, and Faulkner, 2016). In this review we discuss the factors associated with overweight and obesity as well as methodological considerations for future research work in Hispanic preschoolers living in segregated environments.…”