Socioeconomic correlates and biochemical profiles of smokers in Poland: cross-sectional study

Abstract

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Ten-year changes in adherence to a healthy lifestyle: the results of the WOBASZ Surveys

“…As expected, poor lifestyle index rates were significantly higher among persons with lower educational attainment. This finding is in line with other authors results suggesting that those with elementary or less than college degrees exhibit unhealthy behaviour profiles [40][41][42]. According to Zujko et al (2020) higher socioeconomic status was significantly associated with a more favourable lifestyle, better objective health outcomes and better dietary habits (including a higher intake of dietary antioxidants) [13].…”

“…According to Zujko et al (2020) higher socioeconomic status was significantly associated with a more favourable lifestyle, better objective health outcomes and better dietary habits (including a higher intake of dietary antioxidants) [13]. Also a recent report of Zagozdzon et al (2020) revealed substantial differences regarding socioeconomic characteristics between smokers and non-smokers in Poland [41]. There was a statistically significant inverse relationship between income and smoking and persons living in towns were more likely to smoke than those living in rural areas [41].…”

“…Also a recent report of Zagozdzon et al (2020) revealed substantial differences regarding socioeconomic characteristics between smokers and non-smokers in Poland [41]. There was a statistically significant inverse relationship between income and smoking and persons living in towns were more likely to smoke than those living in rural areas [41]. Education exerts a positive effect on health knowledge levels which results in better lifestyle choices [42,43].…”

Smoking and apolipoprotein levels: A meta-analysis of published data

“…The pooled mean levels of apolipoprotein B were 1.06 ± 0.009 g/L in smokers and 0.98 ± 0.007 g/L in nonsmokers. The meta-analysis of apolipoprotein B levels in smokers versus nonsmokers included 40 studies and 63 estimates [23] , [24] , [27] , [28] , [29] , [30] , [32] , [34] , [35] , [37] , [38] , [39] , [40] , [41] , [42] , [44] , [45] , [46] , [48] , [49] , [50] , [51] , [52] , [53] , [54] , [55] , [56] , [57] , [58] , [62] , [70] . Increased levels of apolipoprotein B were found in smokers using the fixed-effects model (mean difference= 0.056, 95% CI: 0.053, 0.059 g/L, I 2 =95%).…”

“…The pooled mean ratios of apolipoprotein B to AI were 0.62 ± 0.002 in smokers and 0.65 ± 0.001 in nonsmokers. The meta-analysis assessing the effects of smoking on the apolipoprotein B: AI ratio included 31 studies with 46 estimates [23] , [24] , [27] , [28] , [29] , [30] , [32] , [34] , [35] , [37] , [38] , [39] , [40] , [41] , [42] , [44] , [45] , [46] , [48] , [49] , [50] , [51] , [52] , [53] , [54] , [55] , [56] , [57] , [58] , [62] , [70] . The fixed-effects model showed an increased ratio in smokers (mean difference= 0.047, 95% CI: 0.047, 0.048 g/L, I 2 =99%).…”