Socio-economic position, smoking, and plaque: a pathway to severe chronic periodontitis

Zini, Avraham; Sgan‐Cohen, Harold D.; Marcenes, Wagner

doi:10.1111/j.1600-051x.2010.01689.x

Cited by 39 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…These results are also consistent in the literature, as lower occurrence rates of periodontal diseases are found in those with higher education . Inappropriate oral hygiene, mainly evidenced by higher levels of biofilm accumulation, are found in lower education individuals …”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Body fat rather than body mass index is associated with gingivitis – A southern Brazilian cross‐sectional study

Muniz

Costa

Cavagni

et al. 2018

Journal of Periodontology

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Body fat rather than body mass index is associated with gingivitis – A southern Brazilian cross‐sectional study

Muniz

Costa

Cavagni

et al. 2018

Journal of Periodontology

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“…Tobacco smoking exerts a substantial destructive effect on the periodontal tissues and increases the rate of periodontal disease progression [24]. Risk factors including tobacco smoking modify the host response to the challenge of bacteria in microbial dental plaque [25, 26].…”

Section: Risk Factors Of Periodontal Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

Risk Factors of Periodontal Disease: Review of the Literature

AlJehani

2014

International Journal of Dentistry

238

209

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Objectives. This paper aims to review the evidence on the potential roles of modifiable and nonmodifiable risk factors associated with periodontal disease. Data. Original articles that reported on the risk factors for periodontal disease were included. Sources. MEDLINE (1980 to Jan 2014), PubMed (using medical subject headings), and Google Scholar were searched using the following terms in different combinations: “periodontal disease,” “periodontitis,” “risk factors,” and “causal.” This was supplemented by hand-searching in peer-reviewed journals and cross-referenced with the articles accessed. Conclusions. It is important to understand the etiological factors and the pathogenesis of periodontal disease to recognize and appreciate the associated risk factors. As periodontal disease is multifactorial, effective disease management requires a clear understanding of all the associated risk factors.

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“…Indirect mechanisms include the link between education and the two main risk factors for chronic periodontitis: smoking [52] and diabetes type 2 [53]. Lower educational attainment, which is a close correlate of IQ, may also directly lead to poorer coping strategies [54], higher BMI [55], lower levels of dental services use [56], low degree of periodontal health awareness [57], and irregular oral self-care practices [58], that in themselves are linked to poor oral hygiene habits may lead to higher levels of dental plaque [59]. Only one study which met our criteria of inclusion showed a significant decrease of the risk to develop chronic periodontitis in the low educated subgroup after adjustment for oral health behaviors [32].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Education as a Predictor of Chronic Periodontitis: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis Population-Based Studies

et al. 2011

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BackgroundThe impact of socioeconomic inequalities on health is well-documented. Despite the links of periodontal disease with cardiovascular diseases, adverse pregnancy outcomes and diabetes, no meta-analysis of socioeconomic variations in periodontal disease exists. This meta-analytic review was conducted to determine the extent to which education attainment influences risk of periodontitis in adults aged 35+ years in the general population.MethodsThe authors searched studies published until November 2010 using EMBASE and MEDLINE databases. References listed were then scrutinised, our own files were checked, and, finally, we contacted experts in the field. The authors included only general population-based studies conducted in adults aged 35 years and more. All articles were blind reviewed by two investigators. In the case of disagreement, a third investigator arbitrated. Using PRISMA statement, two reviewers independently extracted papers of interest.ResultsRelative to the higher education group, people with low education attainment experience a greater risk of periodontitis (OR: 1.86 [1.66–2.10]; p<0.00001). The association was partially attenuated after adjustment for covariates (OR: 1.55 [1.30–1.86]; p<0.00001). Sensitivity analyses showed that methods used to assess periodontitis, definition of cases, study country and categorization of education are largely responsible for the heterogeneity between studies. No significant bias of publication was shown using both the Egger (p = 0.16) and rank correlation tests (p = 0.35).ConclusionsIn the studies reviewed, low educational attainment was associated with an increased risk of periodontitis. Although this evidence should be cautiously interpreted due to methodological problems in selected studies, efforts to eliminate educational inequalities in periodontitis should focus on early life interventions.

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Socio-economic position, smoking, and plaque: a pathway to severe chronic periodontitis

Abstract: This study presented a potential explanatory pathway for the relationship between SEP and SCP. Low level of education was proposed as a distal determinant, leading to tobacco smoking and higher levels of plaque, and finally to SCP.

Cited by 39 publications

References 24 publications

Body fat rather than body mass index is associated with gingivitis – A southern Brazilian cross‐sectional study

Body fat rather than body mass index is associated with gingivitis – A southern Brazilian cross‐sectional study

Risk Factors of Periodontal Disease: Review of the Literature

Education as a Predictor of Chronic Periodontitis: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis Population-Based Studies

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