Socio-economic health inequalities: Their origins and implications

The influence of multiple indices of socioeconomic disadvantage across the adult life course on the metabolic syndrome: the Vietnam Experience Study

“…Nonetheless, future investigations would benefit from more direct and comprehensive assessment of health behaviours and include factors such as diet and sleep. Psychological distress has been mooted as a possible mediator of the associations between socio-economic status and health outcomes [31]. Although it is clear that Phillips, A.C., Carroll., D., Thomas, G.N., Gale, C.R., Deary, I. IQ attenuated the associations between socio-economic status and metabolic syndrome.…”

A social cognition approach to health psychology: Philosophical and methodological issues

“…Nevertheless, individual behaviour has a powerful effect on health (Breslow & Enstrom, 1980) and is potentially modifiable using interventions which target its cognitive antecedents. Moreover research into the effects of relative wealth on health (Wilkinson, 1990) suggests that psychological mediators other than risk behaviour may affect health status (Adler, et al, 1994: Carroll, Bennett, & Davey Smith, 1993. Thus while acknowledging that socio-economic structures limit what can be achieved by interventions aimed at individual change, there is good reason to believe that substantial progress can be made by identifying the psychological prerequisites of health behaviour and health status.…”

Differences in life expectancy by education and occupation in Italy, 1980–94: Indirect estimates from maternal and paternal orphanhood

“…This has been shown by many studies that have analysed the relationship between socio-economic status and mortality for national as well as subnational populations separately for males and females. It emerges whichever of the following measures is used: a multi-level indicator of socio-economic status (Turrell and Mathers 2001); education (Brajczewski and Rogucka 1993;Christenson and Johnson 1995;Preston and Elo 1995;Elo and Preston 1996;Valkonen et al 1997;Doblhammer and Kytir 1998;Shkolnikov et al 1998Shkolnikov et al , 2004Borrell et al 1999;Mackenbach et al 1999Mackenbach et al , 2003Kalediene and Petrauskiene 2000;Crimmins and Saito 2001;Leinsalu et al 2003;Brønnum-Hansen et al 2004;Molla et al 2004;Fawcett et al 2005;Van Oyen et al 2005); occupation (Carroll et al 1993;Valkonen et al 1993;Johnson et al 1999;Brønnum-Hansen 2000;Detre et al 2001;Burströ m et al 2005;Doblhammer et al 2005); or income Gerdtham and Johannesson 2000;Claussen et al 2003;Henriksson et al 2006;Rognerud and Zahl 2006). Because mortality shows smaller variations among women, class-specific mortality levels of females in their lowest social group are often lower than those in the highest social group of males (Vallin 1995).…”