Socialization Processes

Bugental, Daphne Blunt; Grusec, Joan E.

doi:10.1002/9780470147658.chpsy0307

Cited by 133 publications

(181 citation statements)

References 354 publications

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“…It is not possible to know whether parents' current cultural socialization beliefs and behaviors preceded or followed the adoption. Parenting beliefs and behaviors also may change over time, which is reflective of the dynamic and contextual nature of parent-child relationships (Bugental & Goodnow, 1998). Second, only adoptive parents were surveyed, and consequently, the viewpoints of children were not taken into account.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cultural socialization in families with internationally adopted children.

Lee¹,

Grotevant²,

Hellerstedt³

et al. 2006

Journal of Family Psychology

155

195

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Cultural socialization attitudes, beliefs, and parenting behaviors were examined in families with internationally adopted children. The authors hypothesized that parents with lower color-blind racial attitudes would be more likely to engage in enculturation and racialization parenting behaviors because they hold stronger beliefs in the value and importance of cultural socialization. Using data from the Minnesota International Adoption Project, the results support this mediation model of cultural socialization. Individual variations in cultural socialization also are discussed in terms of child development and shifting adoption attitudes and practices.Keywords cultural socialization; international adoption; parenting; racial attitudes; transracial International adoption is becoming an increasingly popular means to form a family in the United States. Since 1971, over 330,000 children have been adopted from other countries, and there has been a threefold increase in the annual rate of international adoption, from 7,093 children in 1990 to 22,884 children in 2004 (U.S. Department of State, 2005). The increase in international adoption is attributed to war, poverty, and the lack of social welfare in sending countries and, in the United States, to increased infertility rates, perceived difficulties associated with domestic adoption, preference to adopt infants rather than older children, and a disinclination toward foster care adoption (R. M. Lee, 2003). Today, children-mostly infants and toddlers-are adopted annually from over 100 countries, with approximately 90% of children adopted from just 20 countries and the majority from China, Russia, South Korea, and Guatemala.International adoption also reflects a larger, growing trend toward multiracial and multiethnic families, who face unique challenges in the upbringing of children of different ethnic and racial heritages. Research suggests that same-race and transracially adopted children begin to become aware of racial differences, as well as their adoptive status, as early as 4-5 years of age (Brodzinsky, Singer, & Braff, 1984;Huh & Reid, 2000). As transracial adoptees grow older, Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Richard M. Lee Lee & Quintana, 2005). At the same time, they may begin to experience feelings of loss of birth culture and family history and the growing awareness of racism and discrimination in their everyday lives (Meier, 1999;Powell & Affi, 2005). This feeling of loss, in turn, has been found to be associated with greater depressive symptoms and lower self-worth among domestically and internationally adopted preadolescents (Smith & Brodzinsky, 2002). Similarly, Cederblad, Höök, Irhammer, and Mercke (1999) reported that uncertainty about one's ethnic identity and perceived discrimination are related to greater psychological distress and lower self-esteem among international adoptees. Adoptive parents, most of whom are White and of European descent, likewise are confronted with decisions about when and how to appropri...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cultural socialization in families with internationally adopted children.

Lee¹,

Grotevant²,

Hellerstedt³

et al. 2006

Journal of Family Psychology

155

195

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Several theoreticians have contended that some parenting cognitions and practices are unconscious or habitual (see Bugental & Goodnow, 1998) …”

Section: Theoretical Relations Between Maternal Age and Parenting Cogmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These findings support and extend our predictions, and the fact that so many cognitions and practices of parents are independent of age points to some strong perhaps universal aspects of parenting. Many parenting cognitions and practices may be automatic, unconscious, or intuitive (Bugental & Goodnow, 1998;Kuczynski, 1984;Papoušek & Papoušek, 2002) and not subject to modification with age. The results for these functions are also consistent with a trait conceptualization of parenting (Holden, 1997).…”

Section: Author Manuscript Author Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several theoreticians have contended that some parenting cognitions and practices are unconscious or habitual (see Bugental & Goodnow, 1998), and Papoušek and Papoušek's (2002) theory of "intuitive parenting" holds that, once an individual becomes a parent, some parenting functions operate essentially automatically. For example, mothers of all ages possess consistent implicit beliefs (Holden & Buck, 2002) and address their infants in a special register of child-directed speech (Papoušek & Bornstein, 1992).…”

Section: Theoretical Relations Between Maternal Age and Parenting Cogmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Chronological age, cognitions, and practices in European American mothers: A multivariate study of parenting.

Bornstein¹,

Putnick²

2007

Developmental Psychology

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We studied multiple parenting cognitions and practices in European American mothers (N = 262) who ranged in age from 15 to 47 years. All were first-time parents of 20-month-old children. Some age effects were zero; others were linear or nonlinear. Nonlinear age effects determined by spline regression showed significant associations to a "knot" age (~30 years) with little or no association afterward. For parenting cognitions and practices that are age-sensitive, a two-phase model of parental development is proposed. These findings stress the importance of considering maternal chronological age as a factor in developmental study. Maternal Age and ParentingIncreasing numbers of adult women in the United States and Europe are delaying conception, expanding the age range for pregnancy and birth Mirowsky, 2002;Paulsen & Sachs, 1998). According to the National Vital Statistics Report , birth rates for 30-to 39-year-old women increased by about 1% each year from 1991 to 2003, and births to women aged 35-39 and 40-44 years rose 38% and 58%, respectively, from 1990 to 2003. At the same time, the United States has the highest percentage of teen (15-19) births among industrialized nations (415,408 babies in the United States in 2004;. These demographics beg questions about what associations might obtain between maternal age per se and parenting and family process, the main concerns of this study.The psychosocial impacts of early childbirth are now fairly well established. Younger mothers are known to possess less knowledge about parenting, to express less desirable childrearing attitudes, and to hold less realistic expectations about child development than older mothers (Hardy, Astone, Brooks-Gunn, Shapiro, & Miller, 1998; Moore & BrooksGunn, 2002;Sommer et al., 1993). Parenthood at very young ages is also associated with less favorable maternal behaviors toward children (Barratt & Roach, 1995; Coley & ChaseLansdale, 1998;Moore & Brooks-Gunn, 2002;Pomerleau, Scuccimarri, & Malcuit, 2003). For example, teenage mothers have been found to be less verbal, less sensitive, and less responsive to their children than older mothers (Culp, Appelbaum, Osofsky, & Levy, 1988 HHS Public Access Author Manuscript Author ManuscriptAuthor ManuscriptAuthor Manuscript and they tend to provide a less stimulating home environment (Luster & Dubow, 1990;Moore, Morrison, & Greene, 1997). Distinctive characteristics of adolescent mothers may place them at risk for nonoptimal parenting (Whitman, Borkowski, Schellenbach, & Nath, 1987): Teenage mothers have diminished intellectual ability and lower educational attainment, are less socioemotionally mature, and possess fewer social supports with the consequence that they are less well prepared to parent (Coll, Hoffman, & Oh, 1987;Streetman, 1987). To the extent that adolescent mothers are challenged by their own developmental crises in the search for personal identity, they are less likely to invest in parenting or command the wherewithal to parent optimally.At the older end of the age continuum...

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“…Various psychological research studies on the development of the self and personality and on socialization have examined the effects of outside surroundings on children. For instance, it has been shown that girls who suffer from maltreatment during childhood may develop a low perception of their own social power in relationship with others; this state may be predictive of a propensity for abusiveness in their relationships with their own children (Bugental and Grusex 2007). Another example includes the associations found between early attachment security and measures of emotional health, self-esteem, agency and self-confidence, positive affect, ego resiliency and social competence in interactions with peers, teachers, camp counselors, romantic partners and others (Thompson 2007).…”

Section: The Currency Of Justicementioning

confidence: 99%

A Philosophical Examination of Social Justice and Child Poverty

Schweiger¹,

Graf²

2015

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Socialization Processes

Cited by 133 publications

References 354 publications

Cultural socialization in families with internationally adopted children.

Cultural socialization in families with internationally adopted children.

Chronological age, cognitions, and practices in European American mothers: A multivariate study of parenting.

A Philosophical Examination of Social Justice and Child Poverty

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