Social sustainability dimensions in the seismic risk reduction of public schools: a case study of Lima, Peru

Abstract

The provision of education is a vital feature of a socially sustainable system. However, students in highly seismic areas are under permanent hazard, a critical situation for student populations with high vulnerability factors such as insecure infrastructure, low teacher salaries, and poor living conditions due to social exclusion and inequity. In this article, we use community-based elements, such as institutional arrangements and a collaborative and interdisciplinary approach, to develop a comprehensive multi-scale risk model for socially sustainable seismic risk reduction in schools. We analyze the case of schools in the city of Lima, Peru, integrating aims, objectives, and methodologies based on risk-reduction strategy from previous disciplinary studies. Identifying schools that, on one hand, can be most useful during emergencyrelief work and, on the other hand, educational facilities that could cause the most harm to students are priorities for a risk-reduction strategy. We identify social sustainability factors in schools, such as security and well-being of the student population, accessibility, incomes, basic service provision, and community organization. Specifying the spatial and territorial relationships within public school surroundings is essential to guaranteeing the effectiveness and efficiency of risk-mitigation strategies.

Comparison of Different Intervention Options for Massive Seismic Upgrading of Essential Facilities

“…Fragility curves of the investigated buildings in current state and with the four considered retrofitting techniques are defined using Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) as the ground motion intensity measure (IM). Although other IMs have shown to produce more meaningful results (e.g.,Housner Intensity, Arias Intensity, Acceleration Spectrum Intensity, and Average spectral acceleration), PGA has been considered to comply with existing hazard data and vulnerability models developed over the years by different research groups for Lima Metropolitan area (e.g., [1][2][3]5,21]). Fragility curves of the investigated buildings in current state and with the four considered retrofitting techniques are generatedfollowing the procedure proposed by several authors [29].…”

“…These interventions should ensure the continual operation of buildings and cannot be based only on engineering parameters such as building seismic capacity, seismic intensity demand, and/or their ratio. Optimal retrofitting interventions should be performed taking into account engineering, social, and economic aspects that are often neglected, such as probabilistic risk analysis, public safety, environmental impact, socio-economic loss assessment, and sustainability, as well as the social and natural environment [5].…”

Održivi razvoj grada Sabrata u Libiji - mogućnosti i strategija

“…11 Visina prihoda je indikator socijalnog blagostanja, ali je za potpuno sagledavanje "održivog razvoja" bitnije na koji način je postignuto povećanje prihoda i kako je ono raspoređeno prema članovima grupe, zajednice i društva. 12 Možemo govoriti o "održivom razvoju" samo ako je prihod i socijalno blagostanje usklađen sa ravnomernim trošenjem resursa u dužem vremenskom periodu (nekoliko generacija). Zapravo, potrebno je izjednačiti pokazatelje ekonomskog, socijalnog, prirodnog i ljudskog kapitala sa ekološkim pokazateljima.…”

Sustainable development of the city of Sabratha in Libya – strategy and possibilities

“…11 The amount of income is an indicator of social well-being, but in order to fully understand the "sustainable development", it is more important how the revenue growth has been achieved and how it has been distributed to members of the group, community and society. 12 We can talk about "sustainable development" only if income and social well-being are aligned with a balanced spending of resources over a longer period of time (several generations). In fact, it is neces-Mohamed Alharary Aboub Sustainable development of the city of Sabratha in Libya -strategy and possibilities sary to equalise the indicators of economic, social, natural and human capital with environmental indicators.…”