Social Subordination, Population Density, and Mammalian Evolution

Christian, John J.

doi:10.1126/science.168.3927.84

Cited by 301 publications

(142 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…In conclusion, our findings offer support for the social subordination hypothesis (Christian 1970). Coyotes that dispersed were low-ranking individuals that were subordinate to other animals in the dominance hierarchy, spent little time with other pack members, had little access to carcasses and were less skilled at hunting small mammals during the year when pack size was greatest.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 63%

“…Andelt 1985;Mech 1987;Fuller 1989;Gese & Mech 1991), the mechanisms triggering an animal to leave its pack or social unit are not well understood. Christian (1970) proposed the social subordination hypothesis, in which a high level of aggression from dominant animals forces lowranking individuals to disperse. In contrast, Bekoff (1977a) proposed the social cohesion hypothesis, that individuals that do not develop strong ties to their group early in life will be most likely to disperse.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Social and nutritional factors influencing the dispersal of resident coyotes

1996

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 63%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Social and nutritional factors influencing the dispersal of resident coyotes

1996

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“…4. DISCUSSION For many authors the concept of dispersion constitutes a synonym for intrapopulation migrations (Calhoun & Webb, 1953;Christian, 1970;Myers & Krebs, 1971; L i d i c k e r, in press). Dispersion Table 5 Number of young individuals remaining in and migrating from their birth habitat.…”

Section: Effect On Dispersion Of the Quality Of The Habitat In The Anmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The degree of dispersion may be modified by intrapopulation factors such as social structure (Christian, 1970; M e t z g a r, 1971), population density (Hamilton, 1942;Calhoun & Webb, 1953), the current age structure of the population (M e t z g a r, 1971) and habitat factors (Nikitina, 1970;Bock, 1972).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dispersion of young bank voles from their place of birth

Mazurkiewicz¹,

Rajska²

1975

Acta Theriol.

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The effect of population density and the quality of the habitat in the animals' place of birth on the distance and direction in which the young disperse was studied. The material used for analysis was obtained during the period 1968-1971 from individual marking of bank voles Clethrionomys glareolus (S c h r e b e r, 1780) on an island 4 ha in extent, during the period of life in the nest. It was found that the distance covered by the animals in dispersing is in inverse proportion to the density of the whole population. In years with high density 46%> of the young individuals remained at their place of birth, whereas in years with low density the corresponding figure was only 18°/ot. Individuals born in a suboptimal habitat show a greater tendency to remain in their place of birth, whereas individuals born in an optimum habitat occupied mainly by adult individuals move away to the suboptimal habitat. The distance traversed by those individuals remaining in an optimal habitat is smaller than that covered by individuals remaining in a suboptimal habitat.

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“…tivity was not affected by the group size, even though the activity during the dispersion time due either to the scarcity of resources (Chesemore 1975) or to the social tension (Christian 1970, Bekoff 1977 could be expected to increase more in larger groups than in pairs of foxes. One explanation for the lack of differences in the activity levels of the foxes may be that there were no restrictions in food availability and, therefore, there was no reason to avoid littermates, as has been reported earlier in wild arctic foxes (Frafjord 1992).…”

Section: Ahola L Et Al Group Housing and Early Handling In Farmed mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of group size and early handling on some behavioural and physiological welfare parameters in farmed blue foxes

Ahola

Harri²,

Mononen³

et al. 2002

AFSci

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The present study included two procedures, both aimed at improving animal welfare: early handling and changing the social conditions of the animals. Production and welfare related parameters as well as behaviour were assessed in blue fox (Alopex lagopus) cubs who were either handled or not before weaning, and housed after weaning either in pairs or in six-animal groups. The effect of the larger group size was observed in the larger number of bite scars in the female cubs housed in six-animal groups. Furthermore, the group size seemed to affect the performance of foxes most clearly in the late autumn when intra-litter aggression was observed during the feeding test. On the other hand, early handling had only short-term positive effects on the performance of the foxes but later transpired to have a negative impact on the stress profile of these animals.

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Social Subordination, Population Density, and Mammalian Evolution

Cited by 301 publications

References 32 publications

Social and nutritional factors influencing the dispersal of resident coyotes

Social and nutritional factors influencing the dispersal of resident coyotes

Dispersion of young bank voles from their place of birth

Effects of group size and early handling on some behavioural and physiological welfare parameters in farmed blue foxes

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