Social Robots for People with Aging and Dementia: A Systematic Review of Literature

Alonso, Susel Góngora; Hamrioui, Sofiane; Díez, Isabel de la Torre; Cruz, Eduardo Motta; López-Coronado, Miguel; Franco, Manuel

doi:10.1089/tmj.2018.0051

Cited by 168 publications

(77 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Research in embodied artificial intelligence (AI) has increasing clinical relevance for therapeutic applications in mental health services, that is, in psychiatry, psychology, and psychotherapy. Innovations range from ‘virtual psychotherapists’ [1] to social robots in dementia care and autism disorder [2] and robots for sexual disorders [3]. Increasingly, artificially intelligent virtual and robotic agents are not only available for relatively low-level elements of mental health support, such as comfort or social interaction, but also perform high-level therapeutic interventions that used to be offered exclusively by highly trained, skilled health professionals such as psychotherapists [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Your Robot Therapist Will See You Now: Ethical Implications of Embodied Artificial Intelligence in Psychiatry, Psychology, and Psychotherapy

Fiske¹,

Henningsen²,

Buyx³

2019

J Med Internet Res

385

215

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Background Research in embodied artificial intelligence (AI) has increasing clinical relevance for therapeutic applications in mental health services. With innovations ranging from ‘virtual psychotherapists’ to social robots in dementia care and autism disorder, to robots for sexual disorders, artificially intelligent virtual and robotic agents are increasingly taking on high-level therapeutic interventions that used to be offered exclusively by highly trained, skilled health professionals. In order to enable responsible clinical implementation, ethical and social implications of the increasing use of embodied AI in mental health need to be identified and addressed. Objective This paper assesses the ethical and social implications of translating embodied AI applications into mental health care across the fields of Psychiatry, Psychology and Psychotherapy. Building on this analysis, it develops a set of preliminary recommendations on how to address ethical and social challenges in current and future applications of embodied AI. Methods Based on a thematic literature search and established principles of medical ethics, an analysis of the ethical and social aspects of currently embodied AI applications was conducted across the fields of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Psychotherapy. To enable a comprehensive evaluation, the analysis was structured around the following three steps: assessment of potential benefits; analysis of overarching ethical issues and concerns; discussion of specific ethical and social issues of the interventions. Results From an ethical perspective, important benefits of embodied AI applications in mental health include new modes of treatment, opportunities to engage hard-to-reach populations, better patient response, and freeing up time for physicians. Overarching ethical issues and concerns include: harm prevention and various questions of data ethics; a lack of guidance on development of AI applications, their clinical integration and training of health professionals; ‘gaps’ in ethical and regulatory frameworks; the potential for misuse including using the technologies to replace established services, thereby potentially exacerbating existing health inequalities. Specific challenges identified and discussed in the application of embodied AI include: matters of risk-assessment, referrals, and supervision; the need to respect and protect patient autonomy; the role of non-human therapy; transparency in the use of algorithms; and specific concerns regarding long-term effects of these applications on understandings of illness and the human condition. Conclusions We argue that embodied AI is a promising approach across the field of mental health; however, further research is needed to address the broader ethical and societal concerns of these technologies to negotiate best research and medical practices in innovative mental health care. We conclude by indicating areas o...

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Your Robot Therapist Will See You Now: Ethical Implications of Embodied Artificial Intelligence in Psychiatry, Psychology, and Psychotherapy

Fiske¹,

Henningsen²,

Buyx³

2019

J Med Internet Res

385

215

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…A survey about the benefit of social robots to assist children with autism showed promising positive results, such as helping children with their social, emotional, and communication deficits (Cabibihan et al, ). Other positive findings have been found in assisting older adults, such as helping them in manage medication regimes, decreasing their perceived loneliness, in addition to increasing psychological wellbeing, social connection and communication with others, among others (Bemelmans, Gelderblom, Jonker, & De Witte, ; Broekens, Heerink, & Rosendal, ; Góngora Alonso et al, ; Pu, Moyle, Jones, & Todorovic, ; Robinson, MacDonald, & Broadbent, ; Shibata & Wada, ; Tejima, ).…”

Section: Positive Effects Of Humanization For Hrimentioning

confidence: 99%

Humanization of robots: Is it really such a good idea?

Giger

Piçarra²,

Alves‐Oliveira

et al. 2019

Human Behav and Emerg Tech

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The aim of this review was to examine the pros and cons of humanizing social robots following a psychological perspective. As such, we had six goals. First, we defined what social robots are. Second, we clarified the meaning of humanizing social robots. Third, we presented the theoretical backgrounds for promoting humanization. Fourth, we conducted a review of empirical results of the positive effects and the negative effects of humanization on human–robot interaction (HRI). Fifth, we presented some of the political and ethical problems raised by the humanization of social robots. Lastly, we discussed the overall effects of the humanization of robots in HRI and suggested new avenues of research and development.

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“…Such robotic pets (such as PARO [ 4 , 5 , 6 ], a robotic baby seal, AIBO [ 7 ], a robotic dog, NeCoRo [ 8 ], a robotic cat, Huggable [ 9 ] and CuDDler [ 10 ], robotic teddy bears, and Pleo [ 11 , 12 , 13 ], a robotic dinosaur) are designed to provide companionship and social support, motivate communications, help regulate anxiety, depression, and agitation, and they also demonstrate similar positive effects as animal-assisted therapy for improving quality of life [ 14 , 15 ]. These uniquely designed robots are equipped with multiple sensors, designed with cute and inviting appearances, and behave to evoke positive human emotions [ 16 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of the Level of Interactivity of a Social Robot and the Response of the Augmented Reality Display in Contextual Interactions of People with Dementia

Feng

Barakova

et al. 2020

Sensors

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The well-being of people with dementia (PWD) living in long-term care facilities is hindered due to disengagement and social isolation. Animal-like social robots are increasingly used in dementia care as they can provide companionship and engage PWD in meaningful activities. While most previous human–robot interaction (HRI) research studied engagement independent from the context, recent findings indicate that the context of HRI sessions has an impact on user engagement. This study aims to explore the effects of contextual interactions between PWD and a social robot embedded in the augmented responsive environment. Three experimental conditions were compared: reactive context-enhanced robot interaction; dynamic context-enhanced interaction with a static robot; a control condition with only the dynamic context presented. Effectiveness evaluations were performed with 16 participants using four observational rating scales on observed engagement, affective states, and apathy related behaviors. Findings suggested that the higher level of interactivity of a social robot and the interactive contextualized feedback helped capture and maintain users’ attention during engagement; however, it did not significantly improve their positive affective states. Additionally, the presence of either a static or a proactive robot reduced apathy-related behaviors by facilitating purposeful activities, thus, motivating behavioral engagement.

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Social Robots for People with Aging and Dementia: A Systematic Review of Literature

Abstract: From the review of the research articles analyzed, it can be said that use of social robots in elderly people without cognitive impairment and with dementia, help in a positive way to work independently in basic activities and mobility, provide security, and reduce stress.

Cited by 168 publications

References 25 publications

Your Robot Therapist Will See You Now: Ethical Implications of Embodied Artificial Intelligence in Psychiatry, Psychology, and Psychotherapy

Your Robot Therapist Will See You Now: Ethical Implications of Embodied Artificial Intelligence in Psychiatry, Psychology, and Psychotherapy

Humanization of robots: Is it really such a good idea?

Effects of the Level of Interactivity of a Social Robot and the Response of the Augmented Reality Display in Contextual Interactions of People with Dementia

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