Social network differences and phenotypic divergence between stickleback ecotypes

Abstract

Elucidating the mechanisms underlying differentiation between populations is essential to our understanding of ecological and evolutionary processes. While social network analysis has yielded numerous insights in behavioral ecology in recent years, it has rarely been applied to questions about population differentiation. Here, we use social network analysis to assess the potential role of social behavior in the recent divergence between two three-spined stickleback ecotypes, “whites” and “commons”. These ecotypes differ significantly in their social behavior and mating systems as adults, but it is unknown when or how differences in social behavior develop. We found that as juveniles, the white ecotype was bolder and more active than the common ecotype. Furthermore, while there was no evidence for assortative shoaling preferences, the two ecotypes differed in social network structure. Specifically, groups of the white ecotype had a lower clustering coefficient than groups of the common ecotype, suggesting that groups of the white ecotype were characterized by the formation of smaller subgroups, or “cliques”. Interestingly, ecotypic differences in the clustering coefficient were not apparent in mixed groups composed of whites and commons. The formation of cliques could contribute to population divergence by restricting the social environment that individuals experience, potentially influencing future mating opportunities and preferences. These findings highlight the insights that social network analysis can offer into our understanding of population divergence and reproductive isolation.

Social and genetic connectivity despite ecological variation in a killer whale network

“…Highly philopatric kin-based societies often encourage a narrow breadth of conservative behaviours owing to individuals primarily learning behaviours from close kin. Theoretically, such a scenario could result in highly correlated social, genetic and ecological variation, the formation of ecotypes, and even incipient ecological speciation [ 4 , 5 ]. However, weaker social ties to a larger social landscape may also play a role in shaping individual behaviour and population-level ecology [ 6 , 7 ].…”