Social Implications of Hyperfunctional Facial Lines

Abstract

The face is the focus of human interactions, and facial appearance profoundly affects self-esteem. Facial appearance is not only a compilation of the dimensions of the primary morphologic features but is also a direct result of the emotional expressions exhibited on the face. Facial expressions are central in the communication of emotions, as well as in signaling characteristics such as age. The repeated expression of emotions produces hyperfunctional facial lines, and the presence of these lines when the face is at repose may give an erroneous impression of emotions or personality characteristics. These lines are also perceived as a sign of aging. Treatment of hyperfunctional facial lines is beneficial for patients who believe that their faces are not communicating their emotions properly, who want to delay the outward appearance of aging, or who simply want to look their best.

Wearing complete dental prostheses - Effects on perioral morphology

“…( 1 ) Intercanthal-mouth width index, representing the intercanthal width (IW, en-en), as a percentage of the mouth width (MW, ch-ch) ( 2 ); Upper lip height mouth width index, representing the upper lip height, the vertical distance between the subnasale and the stomion (ULH, sn-sto) as a percentage of the mouth width (MW, ch-ch) ( 3 ); Medial-lateral cutaneous upper lip height index representing the cutaneous upper lip height, the vertical distance between the labiale superius and the subnasale (CULH, sn-ls), as a percentage of the lateral upper lip height, the vertical distance between the subalare and the lateral labiale superius beyond the subalare (LULH, sbal-ls´) ( 4 ); Upper vermilion contour index, the mouth width (MW) as a percentage of the upper vermilion arc (UVA, ch-ls-ch) ( 5 ); Lower vermilion contour index, the mouth width (MW) as a percentage of the lower vermilion arc (LVA, ch-li-ch); and ( 6 ) Vermilion arc index, the lower vermilion arc (LVA) as a percentage of the upper vermilion arc (UVA).…”

“…In the profile photographs the following data were recorded (see also Fig. 2 ): ( 1 ) Vermilion total lower lip height index, the lower vermilion height, the vertical distance between stomion and labiale inferius (LVH, sto-li) as a percentage of the lower lip height (LLH, sto-sl) ( 2 ); Vermilion total upper lip height index represented by the upper vermilion height, the vertical distance between labiale superius and stomion (UVH, ls-sto), as a percentage of the upper lip height (ULH, sn-sto) ( 3 ); Cutaneous total lower lip height index represented by the cutaneous lower lip height, the vertical distance between the labiale inferius and the sublabiale (CLLH, li-sl), as a percentage of the lower lip height, the vertical distance between the stomion and the sublabiale (LLH, sto-sl) ( 4 ); Cutaneous total upper lip height index, the vertical distance between cutaneous upper lip height (CULH, sn-ls) as a percentage of the upper lip height, the vertical distance between subnasale and stomion (ULH, sn-sto) ( 5 ); Vermilion height index, represented by the upper vermilion height (UVH, ls-sto), as a percentage of the lower vermilion height (LVH, sto-li) ( 6 ); Upper lip- nose height index, the upper lip height (ULH, sn-sto), as a percentage of the nose height (NH, n-sn) ( 7 ); Nose- upper face height index, the nose height (NH, n-sn), as a percentage of the upper face height (UFH, n-sto) ( 8 ); Chin- mandible height index, the chin height (CH, sl-gn), as percentage of the mandible height (MH, sto-gn) ( 9 ); Upper face- face height index, the upper face height (UFH, n-sto), as a percentage of the face height (FH, n-gn) ( 10 ); Upper lip- mandible height index, representing the upper lip height (ULH, sn-sto), as a percentage of the mandible height (MH, sto-gn) ( 11 ); Nose- lower face height index, the nose height (NH, n-sn), as a percentage of the lower face height (LFH, sn-gn) and ( 12 ); Nose- face height index, the nose height (NH, n-sn), as a percentage of the face height (FH, n-gn).…”

“…Most patients treated with CRDPs are satisfied with the increase in quality of life achieved. The perception of gain of quality of life maybe considered as the most established indicator for a successful therapy ( 2 - 5 ).…”

<p>Evaluation of the efficacy of a new hyaluronic acid gel on dynamic and static wrinkles in volunteers with moderate aging/photoaging</p>

“…The entire human body is subject to changes associated with aging 1,2. Those occurring in the skin, even if not life threatening, are visible, undesirable and therefore associated with discomfort 3. Facial aging can be particularly negative since it represents the main image we offer to the people we are in contact with 4.…”

Relationship between forehead motion and the shape of forehead lines—A 3D skin displacement vector analysis

“…A smooth forehead generally connotes youthfulness and contentment . Neuromodulators can be applied to the forehead to decrease or even eliminate wrinkles by decreasing the release of presynaptic neurotransmitters thus inhibiting muscular contraction of the frontalis muscle .…”