Social enterprise as a bottom-up dynamic: part 1. The reaction of civil society to unmet social needs in Italy, Sweden and Japan

The Role of Non-state Actors in the Integration of Refugees and Asylum Seekers

“…In essence, based on our case study analysis, the most successful integration paths analysed combine the voluntary and spontaneous mobilisation of local communities and/or volunteers with the experimentation of territorial management, housing and integration models where different actors engage (Borzaga, Fazzi, & Galera, 2016).…”

“…Based on the case studies carried out and recent analyses focused on third sector organisations and social enterprises (Borzaga, Fazzi, & Galera, 2016;OECD/EU, 2016a;Noya & Clarence, 2007), this report identifies a set of broad recommendations addressed to national policy makers that are meant to enhance the contribution of the third sector specifically in the domain of reception and integration of asylum seekers and refugees:…”

“…In line with the literature, they can be hence conceptualised as "social enterprises" (OECD, 1999). Indeed, they combine the carrying out of economic activities -such as the delivery of reception, welcome or work integration services -with the pursuit of an explicit social aim (Borzaga & Defourny, 2001;Borzaga, Fazzi, & Galera, 2016;OECD, 2016). An additional feature shared by these practices is their inclusive and participatory approach, which implies the engagement of various stakeholders, having different relations with the selected organisations, in their governing bodies.…”

Hybridity of social enterprise models and ecosystems

“…Hence this typology does not include socio-economic hybridity, which is an essential characteristic of the social enterprise model. Generally, socio-economic hybridity is broadly researched on micro-level to identify different types of social enterprise models (Alter, 2007;Grassl, 2012;Defourny & Nyssens, 2017;Borzaga, 2016), but the interplay of social and economic logic on macro-level, ecosystem level, lack of scientific attention.…”

Social enterprise as a bottom-up dynamic. Part 2: the reaction of civil society to unmet social needs in England, Scotland, Ireland, France and Romania

“…Over the past three decades, enterprises of a new kind, explicitly pursuing social aims, have emerged worldwide as new welfare actors (Borzaga et al 2016). This evolution was boosted by the engagement of traditional non-profit organizations in the direct delivery of a wide spectrum of general interest services.…”