Social-ecological correlates of cyberbullying victimization and perpetration among African American youth: Negative binomial and zero-inflated negative binomial analyses

Risk Factors Influencing Cyberbullying Perpetration among Middle School Students in Korea: Analysis Using the Zero-Inflated Negative Binomial Regression Model

“…Cyberbullying refers to any continuous and repeated psychological attacks via information and communication devices and/or the dissemination of personal or false information related to specific youths, thus causing the affected person to feel pain [ 6 , 14 , 15 , 16 ]. Cyberbullying places further emphasis on the characteristics of online services (e.g., anonymity, non-face-to-face interactions, rapid proliferation, and sharing) and the spatiotemporal transcendence of online social spaces [ 1 , 14 , 16 ]. Cyberbullying perpetration begins with personal and situational factors that activate hostile thoughts while increasing arousal [ 14 ].…”

“…This is crucial, as cyberbullying then intensifies a variety of problems known to affect adolescents, including issues related to social adaptation (e.g., internalization and externalization) and the rate of cyberbullying victimization itself; it also results in serious health disruptions via physical threats and psychological deterioration [ 17 ]. Involvement in cyberbullying perpetration not only damages health-related quality of life, but also increases the risk of victim suicide [ 14 , 16 , 18 , 19 , 20 ], which has emerged as a very serious public health problem throughout the world.…”

The Relationship Between Youth Cyberbullying Behaviors and Their Perceptions of Parental Emotional Support

“…The systems begin with the child at the center, their individual internal dynamics, perceptions, and characteristics, and extends through family (microsystem); community (mesosystem); society or government (exosystem); and culture, beliefs, and values (macrosystem) (Bronfenbrenner 1979 ). Interactions between a child and their parents in the microsystem often have a major influence on cyberbullying behaviors (Cho et al 2019 ; Kokkinos et al 2016 ; Zurcher et al 2018 ).…”

“…Although there is no universally accepted definition of cyberbullying, most definitions include the use of electronic devices such as computers, e-mail, and cell phones to repeatedly and intentionally inflict damage onto another (Cho et al 2019 ; Hinduja and Patchin 2019a ; Olweus 2012 ; Ramos Salazar 2017 ). The “permanence and ease of sharing online messages means single acts of online harassment may be repeated when viewed or distributed by others” (Fahy et al 2016 , p. 502).…”

“…Evidence reveals that adolescents who believe their parents would discipline them for cyberbullying or who report high levels of parental involvement in their lives were less likely to engage in cyberbullying than those with more permissive and “hands-off” parenting styles (Byrne et al 2018 ; Hinduja and Patchin 2013 ; Sung Hong et al 2016 ). Furthermore, positive parenting can mitigate children’s cyberbullying behaviors, whereas poor or authoritarian parenting practices can be associated with problematic cyberactivity (Boniel-Nissim and Sasson 2018 ; Cho et al 2019 ; Martínez et al 2019 ; Moreno–Ruiz et al 2019 ). However, many of the studies have small sample sizes and are limited to one locale, thereby limiting generalizability (Barlett and Fennel 2018 ; Iossi Silva et al 2013 ; Murphy et al 2017 ).…”