Social determinants of hypertension and type-2 diabetes in Kenya: A latent class analysis of a nationally representative sample

Abstract

Introduction Cardiovascular disease is among the leading causes of death in Kenya and type II diabetes (T2D) is a growing chronic health concern in the country. However, a gap exists in examining how demographic and social characteristics coalesce to identify individuals at high risk for hypertension and/or T2D in Kenya. The current study examined demographic typologies associated with self-report diagnoses. Methods Nationally representative cross-sectional study using 43,898 individuals from the Kenya Demographic and Health Survey 2014. Main Outcome Measures were self-reported Hypertension and Type 2 Diabetes diagnosis. Descriptive analyses were conducted using STATA 14. Latent class analysis (LCA) was conducted using Mplus 7.4. Results Approximately 5% reported hypertension and 1% reported T2D. Latent class analysis suggested a 4-class solution. The class with the highest likelihood to report previous diagnosis of hypertension (10.4%), consisted of high proportion of married adult women. The second highest prevalence of previous diagnosis of hypertension (4.4%) consisted of a high proportion of married middle aged men with high probability of being smokers. The results suggest that Kenyan women over 30 years may be at increased risk of hypertension compared to men. Future studies should include additional socio-demographic and behavioral characteristics to better understand gender differences in correlates for hypertension to be used for targeted and tailored health promotion-interventions.

Association between Health and Wealth among Kenyan Adults with Hypertension

“…Secondly, this study shows that hypertension is associated with wealth in both men and women, and hypertension, while higher among women, is more strongly associated with wealth among men in Kenya. Existing evidence suggests that men and women in Kenya may experience hypertension differentially ( Olack et al, 2015 ; Mkuu, Gilreath, Wekullo, Reyes, & Harvey, 2019 ; Mohamed et al, 2018 , Ploubidis et al, 2013 ). There is conflicting results around whether men or women have higher prevalence of hypertension, with some studies suggesting women have a higher prevalence, ( Gómez-Olivé et al, 2017 ) while others suggest men have a higher prevalence ( Mohamed et al, 2018 ).…”

Efeitos dos determinantes sociais da saúde na hipertensão: uma revisão sob a luz do modelo de Dahlgren e Whitehead

“…No que se refere a faixa etária, estudo realizado no Quênia com 43.898 indivíduos mostrou que a prevalência de HAS foi maior entre mulheres adultas casadas, com mais de 30 anos de idade, quando comparado aos homens. Destacando a maior prevalência da doença em idades mais avançadas (Mkuu et al, 2019;Parkash et al, 2019;Egbi et al, 2021).…”

Complications in Diabetes Mellitus: Social Determinants and Trends

“…Calculating a person's income, for example, is a typical technique to assess their financial situation. It is, however, influenced by the individual's household income as well as the community's income level so as representation for a person's monthly wage [ 3 ].…”

“…Studies have shown that a self-management training program for low-income and minority populations is necessary because of illiteracy and the frequent functional limitations caused by diabetes that prevent self-management education from being provided. Clinical outcomes, self-care practices, self-management acquaintance, and problem-solving proficiency in low-income, racial minority, and remote populations are improved by the use of the techniques [ 3 ].…”