Social class, solipsism, and contextualism: How the rich are different from the poor.

Kraus, Michael W.; Piff, Paul K.; Mendoza‐Denton, Rodolfo; Rheinschmidt, Michelle L.; Keltner, Dacher

doi:10.1037/a0028756

Cited by 972 publications

(1,224 citation statements)

References 245 publications

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“…Several scholars have theorized that individualism-related changes are explained by socioeconomic development, which involves a shift from agricultural to industrial and post-industrial economies, greater occupational prestige and education, and higher income (e.g., Inglehart & Baker, 2000;Kağıtçıbaşı, 2007;Kraus, Piff, Mendoza-Denton, Rheinschmidt, & Keltner, 2012;Newson & Richerson, 2009;Triandis, 1995;Varnum et al, 2010). Living in an economically developed society reduces the need to rely on a group for survival, allowing people to prioritize individual goals and personal freedom (Inglehart & Baker, 2000).…”

Section: Changes In Ecology and Changes In Icmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Global Increases in Individualism

2017

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Individualism appears to have increased over the past several decades, yet most research documenting this shift has been limited to the study of a handful of highly developed countries. Is the world becoming more individualist as a whole? If so, why? To answer these questions, we examined 51 years of data on individualist practices and values across 78 countries. Our findings suggest that individualism is indeed rising in most of the societies we tested. Despite dramatic shifts toward greater individualism around the world, however, cultural differences remain sizable. Moreover, cultural differences are primarily linked to changes in socioeconomic development, and to a lesser extent to shifts in pathogen prevalence and disaster frequency.

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Section: Changes In Ecology and Changes In Icmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We examined markers of socioeconomic development that should be associated with differences in individualism: shifts from agriculture to a service economy, occupational prestige, educational attainment, income, urbanization (Greenfield, 2009;Grossmann & Varnum, 2015;Inglehart & Baker, 2000;Kraus et al, 2012).…”

Section: Socio-ecological Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Global Increases in Individualism

2017

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“…C'est l'influence de ces contextes et des ressources auxquelles ils donnent accès qui caractérisent cette nouvelle littérature. Dans une première partie, nous développer-ons trois approches qui mettent respectivement l'accent sur la disponibilité des ressources matérielles (ressources économiques, , la perception subjective du rang social (ressources symboliques, Kraus, Piff, Mendoza-Denton, Rheinschmidt, & Keltner, 2012), et la valeur accordée aux différentes pratiques culturelles (ressources culturelles, . Sans prétendre à l'exhaustivité, nous présenterons des recherches qui s'inscrivent dans ces trois approches.…”

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Etudier, Mesurer et Manipuler la Classe Sociale en Psychologie Sociale: Approches Economiques, Symboliques et Culturelles [Studying, Measuring and Manipulating Social Class in Social Psychology: Economic, Symbolic and Cultural Approaches]

Goudeau¹,

Autin²,

Croizet

2017

rips

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Jusqu'à récemment, la classe sociale était peu étudiée en psychologie, et lorsqu'elle était prise en compte, c'était plutôt comme une variable démographique à contrôler que comme variable d'intérêt. L'objectif de cet article est de présenter une revue intégrée des recherches récentes sur la classe sociale en psychologie sociale qui examinent la façon dont la classe sociale influence le fonctionnement psychologique et le comportement. Cette littérature conçoit la classe sociale comme un contexte de socialisation modulant l'accès à des ressources, ce qui façonne les manières de penser, de ressentir et d'agir des individus. Nous présen-tons trois approches qui se distinguent en se focalisant sur trois aspects différents du contexte de classe sociale -les ressources économiques, symboliques ou culturelles -et leurs conséquences en termes de processus psychosociaux -focalisation attentionnelle, orientation vers le soi ou l'environnement ou façons de se définir comme individu. La présentation de ces trois approches et des processus psychosociaux associés nous amènera également à discuter des indicateurs utilisés pour mesurer la classe sociale (revenus, emploi, niveau d'éducation, rang perçu). Enfin nous argumenterons comment une psychologie sociale des classes sociales permet, notamment par le recours à la manipulation des processus, une identification précise des mécanismes par lesquels la classe sociale influence le fonctionnement psychologique et le comportement.Mots clés: classe sociale; ressources économiques; rang perçu; capital culturel Until recently, social class has been rarely studied in psychology, and when it was taken into account it was rather as a control demographic variable than as a variable of interest. The aim of this paper is to propose an integrated review of recent research in social psychology that examines how social class influences psychological functioning and behavior. This literature conceptualizes social class as a context of socialization that modulates access to resources, which shapes individuals ways of thinking, feeling and acting. We present three approaches that respectively focus on three distinct aspects of the social class context -economic, symbolic or cultural resources -and describe how these resources impact attentional focus, orientation towards the self or the environment and ways to define oneself as an individual. We review the supporting empirical evidence sustaining these approaches and discuss the relevance of the indicators used to measure social class (income, employment, level of education, perceived rank). Finally, we argue that an experimental social psychology of social class is particularly needed as it allows, through the manipulation of processes, to identify the mechanisms by which social class influences psychological functioning and behavior.

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“…For example, when people become wealthier, they feel that they are entitled to have yet more wealth, and their behavior changes accordingly. Kraus et al (2012) which in turn strengthens the weight accorded to relative income in these individuals' utility function. As the value of further advances increases, the desire for such advances strengthens.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Adverse Social Welfare Effect of a Doubly Gainful Trade

Stark

Kosiorowski

2018

SSRN Journal

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Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen:Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden.Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen.Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. We are indebted to a referee for kind words, intriguing questions, and thoughtful remarks, and to Andrew Foster for advice and guidance. Terms of use: Documents in AbstractAcknowledging individuals' distaste for low relative income renders trade less appealing when trade is viewed as a technology that integrates economies by merging separate social spheres into one. We define a "trembling trade" as a situation in which gains from trade are overtaken by losses of relative income, with the result that global social welfare is reduced. A constructive example reveals that a "trembling trade" can arise even when trade is doubly gainful in that it increases the income of every individual and narrows the income gap between the trading populations.

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Social class, solipsism, and contextualism: How the rich are different from the poor.

Cited by 972 publications

References 245 publications

Global Increases in Individualism

Global Increases in Individualism

Etudier, Mesurer et Manipuler la Classe Sociale en Psychologie Sociale: Approches Economiques, Symboliques et Culturelles [Studying, Measuring and Manipulating Social Class in Social Psychology: Economic, Symbolic and Cultural Approaches]

An Adverse Social Welfare Effect of a Doubly Gainful Trade

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