Social and economic correlates of depressive symptoms and perceived stress in South African adults

Hamad, Rita; Fernald, Lia C. H.; Karlan, Dean; Zinman, Jonathan

doi:10.1136/jech.2007.066191

Cited by 207 publications

(164 citation statements)

References 47 publications

(40 reference statements)

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“…The results of the presented study concerning Eastern Poland generally correspond to the results of studies from other countries (Norway, Hungary, South Africa, USA and Netherlands), and indicate a relationship between the socioeconomic position, and self-assessment of health status [35,36,37,38,39,7]. Research conducted by K. M. Olsen and S. A. Dahl [13] concerning the differences in the health of residents of 21 European countries showed that the health status of the population in the analysed countries depended on a variety of political, socio-economic and behavioural characteristics.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 51%

Health inequalities among rural and urban population of Eastern Poland in the context of sustainable development

Pantyley

2017

Ann Agric Environ Med.

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The primary goals of the study were a critical analysis of the concepts associated with health from the perspective of sustainable development, and empirical analysis of health and health-related issues among the rural and urban residents of Eastern Poland in the context of the sustainable development of the region. The study was based on the following research methods: a systemic approach, selection and analysis of the literature and statistical data, developing a special questionnaire concerning socio-economic and health inequalities among the population in the studied area, field research with an interview questionnaire conducted on randomly-selected respondents (N=1,103) in randomly selected areas of the Lubelskie, Podkarpackie, Podlaskie and eastern part of Mazowieckie Provinces (with the division between provincial capital cities -county capital cities -other cities -rural areas). The results of statistical surveys in the studied area with the use of chi-square test and contingence quotients indicated a correlation between the state of health and the following independent variables: age, life quality, social position and financial situation (C-Pearson's coefficient over 0,300); a statistically significant yet weak correlation was recorded for gender, household size, place of residence and amount of free time. The conducted analysis proved the existence of a huge gap between state of health of the population in urban and rural areas. In order to eliminate unfavourable differences in the state iof health among the residents of Eastern Poland, and provide equal sustainable development in urban and rural areas of the examined areas, special preventive programmes aimed at the residents of peripheral, marginalized rural areas should be implemented. In these programmes, attention should be paid to preventive measures, early diagnosis of basic civilization and social diseases, and better accessibility to medical services for the residents.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 51%

Health inequalities among rural and urban population of Eastern Poland in the context of sustainable development

Pantyley

2017

Ann Agric Environ Med.

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“…However, depression exists at possibly higher prevalence rates than in western countries 37 according to 16 studies 4,5,7,[9][10][11][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47] , and an additional 13 studies cited in 37 , of community and non-HIVspecific clinic populations, with generally higher rates for women than men 37,43 . Finally, depression is reasonably easy to elicit when sought and present 37 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Validity/Reliability of PHQ-9 and PHQ-2 Depression Scales Among Adults Living with HIV/AIDS in Western Kenya

et al. 2008

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BACKGROUND: Depression greatly burdens subSaharan Africa, especially populations living with HIV/ AIDS, for whom few validated depression scales exist. Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), a brief dualpurpose instrument yielding DSM-IV diagnoses and severity, and PHQ-2, an ultra-brief screening tool, offer advantages in resource-constrained settings. OBJECTIVE:To assess the validity/reliability of PHQ-9 and PHQ-2. DESIGN: Observational, two occasions 7 days apart.PARTICIPANTS: A total of 347 patients attending psychosocial support groups.MEASUREMENTS: Demographics, PHQ-9, PHQ-2, general health perception rating and CD4 count. RESULTS:Rates for PHQ-9 DSM-IV major depressive disorder (MDD), other depressive disorder (ODD) and any depressive disorder were 13%, 21% and 34%. Depression was associated with female gender, but not CD4. Construct validity was supported by: (1) a strong association between PHQ-9 and general health rating, (2) a single major factor with loadings exceeding 0.50, (3) item-total correlations exceeding 0.37 and (4) a pattern of item means similar to US validation studies. Four focus groups indicated culturally relevant content validity and minor modifications to the PHQ-9 instructions. Coefficient alpha was 0.78. Test-retest reliability was acceptable: (1) intraclass correlation 0.59 for PHQ-9 total score, (2) kappas 0.24, 0.25 and 0.38 for PHQ-9 MDD, ODD and any depressive disorder and (3) weighted kappa 0.53 for PHQ-9 depression severity categories. PHQ-2 ≥3 demonstrated high sensitivity (85%) and specificity (95%) for diagnosing any PHQ-9 depressive disorder (AUC, 0.97), and 91% and 77%, respectively, for diagnosing PHQ-9 MDD (AUC, 0.91). Psychometrics were also good within four gender/age (18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30)(31)(32)(33)(34)(35) subgroups.CONCLUSIONS: PHQ-9 and PHQ-2 appear valid/ reliable for assessing DSM-IV depressive disorders and depression severity among adults living with HIV/AIDS in western Kenya. INTRODUCTIONMore than 70% of all deaths attributable to HIV/AIDS are in sub-Saharan Africa, with approximately 6.1% of adults living with HIV in Kenya in 2005 1 . The social, economic and health impact of depression in sub-Saharan Africa is also great, where depression is associated with mortality 2-5 , work disability 4-7 , lower quality of life 5,[8][9][10][11][12] , risk of heart disease 13 and high-risk behaviors for contracting HIV infection 14 . With one exception 15 , the sparse literature on depression among individuals living with HIV/AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa has shown elevated rates of depression relative to community samples 3,8,10,[16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25] , consistent with western countries [26][27][28][29] . Thus, there is an urgency to incorporating mental health into HIV/ AIDS treatment programs in sub-Saharan Africa, including western Kenya [30][31][32][33][34][35] .Depression in sub-Saharan Africa presents in forms (culturespecific idioms, somatic, based on interpersonal relationships or spiritual in nature) that may o...

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“…In the past, these scales were used in many South African studies and in many different contexts (Cilliers & Coetzee, 2003;Fourie, Rothmann & Van de Vijver, 2008;Hamad, Fernald, Karlan & Zinman, 2008;Rothmann, Steyn & Mostert, 2005;Strümpfer & Mlonzi, 2001;Strümpfer, Viviers & Gouws, 1998;Strümpfer & Wissing, 1998;Temane & Wissing, 2006;Westaway, Maritz & Golele, 2003;Wissing & Van Eeden, 2002;Wissing, Wissing, Du Toit & Temane, 2008). Whereas the salutogenic or fortigenic approach and positive psychology were initially viewed as a new academic movement or sub-discipline, they are now increasingly becoming an applied field in community, clinical and work contexts.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Validation of three Setswana measures for psychological wellbeing

et al. 2010

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Orientation: From the perspective of positive psychology, it is important to evaluate people's strengths. There is, however, a lack of validated measures for these purposes in many of the South African official languages. As language is a medium for cultural meanings, measures of mental health should be validated in the mother tongue of the people involved.Research purpose: The aim of this study was therefore to explore the psychometric properties of Setswana versions of three measures of psychological wellbeing, namely the Sense of Coherence Scale (SOC) (the 29-item version) (Antonovsky, 1987), Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS) (Diener, Emmons, Larson & Griffen, 1985) and Affectometer 2 (AFM) (Kammann & Flett, 1983).Research design, approach and method: A cross-sectional survey design was implemented for this study. Questionnaires were translated, back-translated and evaluated in a researchcommittee approach. A stratified sample of 738 Setswana-speaking participants completed the questionnaires in randomly selected sites of the North West province of South Africa as part of the multi-disciplinary Transition and Health during Urbanisation of South Africans project. Reliability indices, means, standard deviations, ranges of scores, patterns of correlations and factor structures were established for all the scales. Main findings:The present Setswana SWLS and AFM are reliable and valid for use in this group, as is, to some extent, the SOC. The factor structures of the three scales were also consistent with the latent factor structures of the original scales. Practical implications:These validated measures are instruments for use in the clinical, community and work contexts of Setswana-speaking people.

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Social and economic correlates of depressive symptoms and perceived stress in South African adults

Abstract: Depressive symptoms and perceived stress are public health concerns in this sample, with more symptoms among those with fewer resources. The prevention of mental illness is critical, especially in vulnerable populations.

Cited by 207 publications

References 47 publications

Health inequalities among rural and urban population of Eastern Poland in the context of sustainable development

Health inequalities among rural and urban population of Eastern Poland in the context of sustainable development

Validity/Reliability of PHQ-9 and PHQ-2 Depression Scales Among Adults Living with HIV/AIDS in Western Kenya

Validation of three Setswana measures for psychological wellbeing

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