Soccer activity profile of altitude versus sea-level natives during acclimatisation to 3600 m (ISA3600)

Aughey, Robert J.; Hammond, Kristal; Varley, Matthew C.; Schmidt, Walter; Bourdon, Pitre C.; Buchheit, Martin; Simpson, Ben; Garvican-Lewis, Laura A; Kley, Marlen; Soria, Rudy; Sargent, Charli; Roach, Gregory D.; Claros, Jesus C Jimenez; Wachsmuth, Nadine; Gore, Christopher J.

doi:10.1136/bjsports-2013-092776

Cited by 30 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…While the frequency of accelerations performed during matches was not clearly affected at this low altitude, the acceleration frequency in the 5 min subsequent to the peak 5 min period dropped considerably (−51%) at 1600 m, suggesting transient neuromuscular fatigue 22. Other data consolidate the finding that altitude hinders TS athletes’ running performance during matches; the recent International Study on Soccer at Altitude 3600 m (ISA3600), in this supplement,36 also reports compelling negative effects of high altitude on soccer players, independent of whether they are high-altitude or sea-level natives.…”

Section: Exercising and Competing At Altitudesupporting

confidence: 56%

“…Participants in those studies can plan their physical output with some certainty. TS athletes, however, may preserve their capacity to perform the hardest actions, such as CAC, in matches by modulating the amount of low-intensity activity undertaken, especially in the face of environmental challenges like altitude 36. Therefore, laboratory studies cannot accurately predict the changes in match activity that actually occur in TS situations.…”

Section: Exercising and Competing At Altitudementioning

confidence: 99%

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Update in the understanding of altitude-induced limitations to performance in team-sport athletes

Billaut¹,

Aughey

2013

Br J Sports Med

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The internationalism of field-based team sports (TS) such as football and rugby requires teams to compete in tournaments held at low to moderate altitude (∼1200–2500 m). In TS, acceleration, speed and aerobic endurance are physical characteristics associated with ball possession and, ultimately, scoring. While these qualities are affected by the development of neuromuscular fatigue at sea level, arterial hypoxaemia induced by exposure to altitude may further hinder the capacity to perform consecutive accelerations (CAC) or sprint endurance and thereby change the outcome of a match. The higher the altitude, the more severe the hypoxaemia, and thus, the larger the expected decline in aerobic endurance, CAC and match running performance. Therefore, it is critical for athletes and coaches to understand how arterial hypoxaemia affects aerobic endurance and CAC and the magnitude of decline they may face at altitude for optimal preparation and increased chances of success. This mini review summarises the effects of acute altitude/hypoxia exposure on aerobic endurance, CAC and activity profiles of TS athletes performing in the laboratory and during matches at natural altitude, and analyses the latest findings about the consequences of arterial hypoxaemia on the relationship between peripheral perturbations, neural adjustments and performance during repeated sprints or CAC. Finally, we briefly discuss how altitude training can potentially help athletes prepare for competition at altitude.

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Section: Exercising and Competing At Altitudesupporting

confidence: 56%

Section: Exercising and Competing At Altitudementioning

confidence: 99%

Update in the understanding of altitude-induced limitations to performance in team-sport athletes

Billaut¹,

Aughey

2013

Br J Sports Med

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“…During the camp, the two teams played against each other in five friendly matches: two at near sea level and three at high altitude. A general description of the study methods and of the data related to blood gases, wellness, running performance, activity during matches and sleep architecture (for the Australians only) is reported in companion papers in this issue 12 18––22…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The sleep of elite athletes at sea level and high altitude: a comparison of sea-level natives and high-altitude natives (ISA3600)

et al. 2013

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BackgroundAltitude exposure causes acute sleep disruption in non-athletes, but little is known about its effects in elite athletes. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of altitude on two groups of elite athletes, that is, sea-level natives and high-altitude natives.MethodsSea-level natives were members of the Australian under-17 soccer team (n=14). High-altitude natives were members of a Bolivian under-20 club team (n=12). Teams participated in an 18-day (19 nights) training camp in Bolivia, with 6 nights at near sea level in Santa Cruz (430 m) and 13 nights at high altitude in La Paz (3600 m). Sleep was assessed on every day/night using activity monitors.ResultsThe Australians’ sleep was shorter, and of poorer quality, on the first night at altitude compared with sea level. Sleep quality returned to normal by the end of the first week at altitude, but sleep quantity had still not stabilised at its normal level after 2 weeks. The quantity and quality of sleep obtained by the Bolivians was similar, or greater, on all nights at altitude compared with sea level. The Australians tended to obtain more sleep than the Bolivians at sea level and altitude, but the quality of the Bolivians’ sleep tended to be better than that of the Australians at altitude.ConclusionsExposure to high altitude causes acute and chronic disruption to the sleep of elite athletes who are sea-level natives, but it does not affect the sleep of elite athletes who are high-altitude natives.

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“…Regarding the effects of moderate altitude exposure on activity profiles during actual soccer match play, not only is total distance covered reduced above 1200 m,70 but also, a larger reduction in match running performance is seen at 1600 m for higher intensity tasks such as high velocity running or maximal acceleration 69. Thirteen days of acclimatisation nor life-long residence at high-altitude (3600 m) protected against detrimental effects of altitude on match activity profile 52. Additionally, for sea-level players a significant number of repetitions are arguably necessary to make the appropriate motor skill adjustments required for competitive success in a reduced air density environment.…”

Section: Preamblementioning

confidence: 99%

Position statement—altitude training for improving team-sport players’ performance: current knowledge and unresolved issues

et al. 2013

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Despite the limited research on the effects of altitude (or hypoxic) training interventions on team-sport performance, players from all around the world engaged in these sports are now using altitude training more than ever before. In March 2013, an Altitude Training and Team Sports conference was held in Doha, Qatar, to establish a forum of research and practical insights into this rapidly growing field. A round-table meeting in which the panellists engaged in focused discussions concluded this conference. This has resulted in the present position statement, designed to highlight some key issues raised during the debates and to integrate the ideas into a shared conceptual framework. The present signposting document has been developed for use by support teams (coaches, performance scientists, physicians, strength and conditioning staff) and other professionals who have an interest in the practical application of altitude training for team sports. After more than four decades of research, there is still no consensus on the optimal strategies to elicit the best results from altitude training in a team-sport population. However, there are some recommended strategies discussed in this position statement to adopt for improving the acclimatisation process when training/competing at altitude and for potentially enhancing sea-level performance. It is our hope that this information will be intriguing, balanced and, more importantly, stimulating to the point that it promotes constructive discussion and serves as a guide for future research aimed at advancing the bourgeoning body of knowledge in the area of altitude training for team sports.

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Soccer activity profile of altitude versus sea-level natives during acclimatisation to 3600 m (ISA3600)

Cited by 30 publications

References 44 publications

Update in the understanding of altitude-induced limitations to performance in team-sport athletes

Update in the understanding of altitude-induced limitations to performance in team-sport athletes

The sleep of elite athletes at sea level and high altitude: a comparison of sea-level natives and high-altitude natives (ISA3600)

Position statement—altitude training for improving team-sport players’ performance: current knowledge and unresolved issues

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