“…tarsimaculatus (currently as An . aquasalis ) [ 28 ]. Subsequently, Bonne [ 29 ] recognized two races, one exophilic and characterized by a small dark ring on the hind tarsal second segment, equivalent to An .…”
Recent studies have shown that Anopheles oswaldoi sensu lato comprises a cryptic species complex in South America. Anopheles konderi, which was previously raised to synonymy with An. oswaldoi, has also been suggested to form a species complex. An. oswaldoi has been incriminated as a malaria vector in some areas of the Brazilian Amazon, Colombia, Peru and Venezuela, but was not recognized as a vector in the remaining regions in its geographic distribution. The role of An. konderi as a malaria vector is unknown or has been misattributed to An. oswaldoi. The focus of this study was molecular identification to infer the evolutionary relationships and preliminarily delimit the geographic distribution of the members of these complexes in the Brazilian Amazon region. The specimens were sampled from 18 localities belonging to five states in the Brazilian Amazon and sequenced for two molecular markers: the DNA barcode region (COI gene of mitochondrial DNA) and Internal Transcribed Spacer 2 (ITS2 ribosomal DNA). COI (83 sequences) and ITS2 (27 sequences) datasets generated 43 and 10 haplotypes, respectively. Haplotype networks and phylogenetic analyses generated with the barcode region (COI gene) recovered five groups corresponding to An. oswaldoi s.s., An. oswaldoi B, An. oswaldoi A, An. konderi and An. sp. nr. konderi; all pairwise genetic distances were greater than 3%. The group represented by An. oswaldoi A exhibited three strongly supported lineages. The molecular dating indicated that the diversification process in these complexes started approximately 2.8 Mya, in the Pliocene. These findings confirm five very closely related species and present new records for these species in the Brazilian Amazon region. The paraphyly observed for the An. oswaldoi complex suggests that An. oswaldoi and An. konderi complexes may comprise a unique species complex named Oswaldoi-Konderi. Anopheles oswaldoi B may be a potential malaria vector in the extreme north of the Brazilian Amazon, whereas evidence of sympatry for the remaining species in other parts of the Brazilian Amazon (Acre, Amazonas, Pará and Rondônia) precluded identification of probable vectors in those areas.
“…tarsimaculatus (currently as An . aquasalis ) [ 28 ]. Subsequently, Bonne [ 29 ] recognized two races, one exophilic and characterized by a small dark ring on the hind tarsal second segment, equivalent to An .…”
Recent studies have shown that Anopheles oswaldoi sensu lato comprises a cryptic species complex in South America. Anopheles konderi, which was previously raised to synonymy with An. oswaldoi, has also been suggested to form a species complex. An. oswaldoi has been incriminated as a malaria vector in some areas of the Brazilian Amazon, Colombia, Peru and Venezuela, but was not recognized as a vector in the remaining regions in its geographic distribution. The role of An. konderi as a malaria vector is unknown or has been misattributed to An. oswaldoi. The focus of this study was molecular identification to infer the evolutionary relationships and preliminarily delimit the geographic distribution of the members of these complexes in the Brazilian Amazon region. The specimens were sampled from 18 localities belonging to five states in the Brazilian Amazon and sequenced for two molecular markers: the DNA barcode region (COI gene of mitochondrial DNA) and Internal Transcribed Spacer 2 (ITS2 ribosomal DNA). COI (83 sequences) and ITS2 (27 sequences) datasets generated 43 and 10 haplotypes, respectively. Haplotype networks and phylogenetic analyses generated with the barcode region (COI gene) recovered five groups corresponding to An. oswaldoi s.s., An. oswaldoi B, An. oswaldoi A, An. konderi and An. sp. nr. konderi; all pairwise genetic distances were greater than 3%. The group represented by An. oswaldoi A exhibited three strongly supported lineages. The molecular dating indicated that the diversification process in these complexes started approximately 2.8 Mya, in the Pliocene. These findings confirm five very closely related species and present new records for these species in the Brazilian Amazon region. The paraphyly observed for the An. oswaldoi complex suggests that An. oswaldoi and An. konderi complexes may comprise a unique species complex named Oswaldoi-Konderi. Anopheles oswaldoi B may be a potential malaria vector in the extreme north of the Brazilian Amazon, whereas evidence of sympatry for the remaining species in other parts of the Brazilian Amazon (Acre, Amazonas, Pará and Rondônia) precluded identification of probable vectors in those areas.
This paper presents a thorough review and a complete amalgamation, with some modification, of the internal classification of the genus Anopheles. Both formal and informal taxa are included. The classification is intended to aid researchers and students who are interested in analysing species relationships, making group comparisons and testing phylogenetic hypotheses. The genus includes 458 formally named and provisionally designated species divided among six subgenera. The largest subgenera, Anopheles, Cellia and Nyssorhynchus, are further divided into various descending informal groupings down to species level. These groupings include Sections, Series, Groups, Subgroups and Complexes. Other terms applied by some authors to levels of classification represented by these categories have been changed in order to establish a degree of uniformity in the application of informal group names within the genus. A few changes involving groups and species assignments have been made to eliminate duplicity or clarify concepts.
Jefferson e Jacqueline, a minha cunhada Eliana e aos meus queridos sobrinhos Caio e Clara que me acompanham nesta trajetória e compartilham comigo este momento de alegria e satisfação! AGRADECIMENTOS À minha orientadora profa. Dra. Maria Anice Mureb Sallum pela orientação, incentivo e valioso ensinamento em todos os momentos. À Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) pelo auxílio financeiro (Projeto Temático n o 05/53973-0); UNICEF/UNDP/World Bank/WHO/TDR (processo n o A50252); Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) (processo n o 472485/2006-7) e pela bolsa de estudo concedida n o 132907/2006-2. Aos pesquisadores Dr. Richard Wilkerson e Dra. Yvonne-Marie Linton pela contribuição na realização deste trabalho. À Dra. Monique Motta e Dra. Márcia Bicudo pela leitura criteriosa e sugestões na elaboração deste trabalho. À Dra. Helene Ueno e Dr. Eduardo Bergo pelos comentários e sugestões ao meu projeto de pesquisa.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.