SnO by XPS

Abstract

Tin and various tin compounds have wide utility in coatings, electronics, and catalysts, as well as having numerous biological applications. Distinguishing between different tin compounds on surfaces is an important aspect of research in many of these disciplines. In this work, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy has been used to obtain comparison spectra of a SnO powder. The SnO powder was generated by grinding ~150 μm granules of SnO in a mortar and pestle. Grinding is necessary because surface oxidation of the SnO granules occurs producing a SnO2 shell. It has been shown that differences in the valence band spectra provide the most direct method of distinguishing between SnO2 and SnO [see J-M. Themlin, M. Chtaib, L. Henrard, P. Lambin, J. Darville, and J-M. Gilles, Phys. Rev. B 46, 2460 (1992); P. M. A. Sherwood, ibid. 41, 10151 (1990); and C. L. Lau and G. K. Wertheim, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. 15, 622 (1978)]. The separation between the Sn 4d core level line and the most intense Sn valence peak is also characteristic of Sn oxides [see J-M. Themlin, M. Chtaib, L. Henrard, P. Lambin, J. Darville, and J-M. Gilles, Phys. Rev. B 46, 2460 (1992) and P. M. A. Sherwood, ibid. 41, 10151 (1990)]. In the present study, identification of the powder as SnO after grinding was verified by comparison of the measured XPS valence band spectrum with published spectra [J-M. Themlin, M. Chtaib, L. Henrard, P. Lambin, J. Darville, and J-M. Gilles, Phys. Rev. B 46, 2460 (1992) and C. L. Lau and G. K. Wertheim, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. 15, 622 (1978)] and by the XPS Sn:O atomic ratio. The valence band–Sn 4d separation is also consistent with that determined for SnO [see J-M. Themlin, M. Chtaib, L. Henrard, P. Lambin, J. Darville, and J-M. Gilles, Phys. Rev. B 46, 2460 (1992)]. Core level, valence band and x-ray excited Auger spectra for the SnO powder are presented. Data were obtained with a Perkin-Elmer Physical Electronics model 5600 photoelectron spectrometer using monochromatic radiation.

Characterization of the patina formed on a low tin bronze exposed to aqueous hydrogen sulfide

“…As such, the curve fit was performed by fixing the spin‐orbit splitting of the 3d 5/2 and 3d 3/2 peaks at 8.4 eV and the peak area ratio at the theoretical value of 1.5. The minor 485.4 eV peak is close to that expected for Sn (II) (SnO) at 485.8 eV BE . The major 486.6 eV BE peak can be assigned to Sn (IV) (SnO 2 ) .…”

“…There is a weak Sn LMM Auger visible to the high BE side of the Zn 2p 1/2 photoemission peak at ~433.6 eV KE (~1053 eV BE) consistent with SnO 2 . Both SnO and SnO 2 have O 1s peaks at about 530 eV BE and so contribute to the curve fit in this region at 530.4 eV BE. In general, the O 1s region was not very useful for surface characterization and contained peaks at ~530.4, ~532.0 and ~534.0 eV BE assigned to metal oxides, metal hydroxides and adsorbed water, respectively.…”

“…The minor 485.4 eV peak is close to that expected for Sn (II) (SnO) at 485.8 eV BE. [24] The major 486.6 eV BE peak can be assigned to Sn (IV) (SnO 2 ). [25] There is a weak Sn LMM Auger visible to the high BE side of the Zn 2p 1/2 photoemission peak at~433.6 eV KE (~1053 eV BE) consistent with SnO 2 .…”

Embedding Pt‐SnO Nanoparticles into MIL‐101(Cr) Pores: Hydrogen Production with Low Carbon Monoxide Content from a New Methanol Steam Reforming Catalyst

“…Also, the peak, which was observed in the 77.7 eV in the deconvoluted pattern, is attributed to the Cr 3s satellite, which may well affect the broadness of Pt 4 f peak slightly. As Figure b shows, the Sn 3d 5/2 and Sn 3d 3/2 peaks of the catalyst were found at binding energies of 486.1 and 494.7 eV, respectively, and assigned to the SnO species . The XPS analysis data, based on the presence of the Pt and SnO species, confirms the result of the XRD analysis.…”

The Influence of Tin(II) Incorporation on Visible Light Absorption and Photocatalytic Activity in Defect‐Pyrochlores

“…TheS n3 ds ignals of our samples consist of as ymmetricalsignal in the overlapping region of SnO and SnO 2 literature values (Figure 7l eft), not allowing for an unambiguous assignment of oxidation states. Unfortunately,t he displayed literature values for SnO [39][40][41][42] and SnO 2 [40,41,[43][44][45] are far from unambiguous. Unfortunately,t he displayed literature values for SnO [39][40][41][42] and SnO 2 [40,41,[43][44][45] are far from unambiguous.…”