Snapshot: Targeting Macrophages as a Candidate for Tissue Regeneration

Abstract

Macrophages are a specific mononuclear cell group abundant in almost every organ of higher animals.

Macrophages Break Interneuromast Cell Quiescence by Intervening in the Inhibition of Schwann Cells in the Zebrafish Lateral Line

“…Recently, accumulating evidence points to the pivotal role of macrophages in wound repair and tissue regeneration, mainly via secreted cytokines (Zhang et al, 2018). We thus blocked several cytokines secreted by macrophages, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) and interleukin-6 (IL-6).…”

Macrophages break interneuromast cell quiescence by intervening the inhibition of Schwann cells in zebrafish lateral line

“…Recently, accumulating evidences point to pivotal role of macrophages in wound repair and tissue regeneration mainly via secreted cytokines [72]. We thus blocked several candidate cytokines secreted by macrophages such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) with pharmacological drugs including pentoxifylline (PTX) shown to inhibit tnfα transcription [73][74][75] and LMT-28 targeting the IL-6 receptor β subunit (glycoprotein 130, gp130) [76].…”

Harnessing Inorganic Nanoparticles to Direct Macrophage Polarization for Skeletal Muscle Regeneration

“…The recruited macrophages are differentiated from circulating monocytes and they often greatly exceed the population of tissue-resident macrophages involved in the very early immune response. Macrophages are key actors of tissue regeneration; indeed, they are responsible for the production of several cytokines, proteases, growth factors, soluble mediators, and ECM components, regulating tissue microenvironment [ 12 ]. Macrophages modulate the microenvironment and the latter in turn regulates macrophages activity; indeed, they may undergo several phenotypic and functional changes in response to different environmental stimuli [ 12 ].…”

“…Macrophages are key actors of tissue regeneration; indeed, they are responsible for the production of several cytokines, proteases, growth factors, soluble mediators, and ECM components, regulating tissue microenvironment [ 12 ]. Macrophages modulate the microenvironment and the latter in turn regulates macrophages activity; indeed, they may undergo several phenotypic and functional changes in response to different environmental stimuli [ 12 ]. Polarized macrophages can be simplistically classified in two main groups: classically activated macrophages (M1) activated by IFN-γ and lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and alternatively activated macrophages (M2), further divided in M2a (if activated by IL-4 or IL-13), M2b (by IL-1β or LPS) and M2c (by IL-10, TGF-β or glucocorticoids) [ 13 ].…”

“…Nevertheless, here, for the sake of clarity, we use a bipolar nomenclature (M1 pro-inflammatory vs. M2 anti-inflammatory) to describe the two opposite sides of the spectrum of macrophage activation states. M1 macrophages exhibit pro-inflammatory and microbicidal activities, whereas M2 macrophages are anti-inflammatory immune cells, generally considered pro-resolution players, since they produce several ECM components and growth factors (e.g., VEGF-A) [ 12 ]. The kinetic of M1 and M2 macrophages is therefore crucial for tissue regeneration.…”