Snake venomics of two poorly known Hydrophiinae: Comparative proteomics of the venoms of terrestrial Toxicocalamus longissimus and marine Hydrophis cyanocinctus

Two color morphs of the pelagic yellow-bellied sea snake, Pelamis platura, from different locations of Costa Rica: Snake venomics, toxicity, and neutralization by antivenom

“…Regardless of the evolutionary history, and in line with observations on other marine snakes [17,50,81], P. platura presents a limited diversity in its toxic arsenal. An abundant 3FTx, pelamitoxin, is likely to play the main role in the paralyzing and lethal actions of this venom against its natural preys, while at least another major component, a PLA 2 , is capable of damaging skeletal muscle, without causing neurotoxic effects, presumably contributing to the initiation of prey digestion.…”

“…The chromatographic profile of P. platura venom appears relatively simple ( Fig.3), and shows similarities to those of venoms from some terrestrial elapids analyzed in our laboratories using the same methodology, such as the African spitting cobras [47] and some coral snakes [48,49], or the marine elapid Hydrophis cyanocinctus [50]. The venom of P. platura was separated into twenty fractions (Fig.3), and 32 out of the 36 protein bands obtained after electrophoretic separation of the chromatographic peaks could be assigned to known protein families following in-gel digestion and tandem mass spectrometry ( Table 1).…”

“…Crude P. platura venom was also highly toxic to sympatric marine (m) and allopatric freshwater (fw) fishes: estimated LD 50 (Fig.7).…”

“…Control mice receiving four LD 50 platura venom involved in its lethal effect. The ability of the CSL antivenom in neutralizing the toxicity of the venoms of true sea snakes as well as that of the taxonomically divergent yellow-lipped sea krait, Laticauda colubrina [75], is consistent with the parallel but independent streamlining of both marine lineages, and the low level of phylogenetic variation of their 3FTxs [53,76].…”

Venomics of the beaked sea snake, Hydrophis schistosus: A minimalist toxin arsenal and its cross-neutralization by heterologous antivenoms

“…Our knowledge on the proteomes of venom has advanced remarkably since then, shedding light on the improvement of snakebite management as well as drug discovery [26][27][28][29]. To date, the proteomes of a considerable number of medically important venomous snakes have been reported (for examples: [31][32][33][34][35][36]), however, there were limited studies published on the proteome of sea snake venoms [37][38].…”