Snake Venom in Relation to Hæmolysis, Bacteriolysis, and Toxicity

Flexner, Simon; Noguchi, Hideyo

doi:10.1084/jem.6.3.277

Cited by 118 publications

(25 citation statements)

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“…Starting from these the following very satisfactory study has been made by Professor Flexner and Dr. Noguchi. My own share in it, although so limited, I mention with satisfaction.∫ [18] Only a few years later, in 1906, an agglutinating activity of activated-complement-coated erythrocytes was detected in bovine serum. To allow the reader to follow the major historical events in this field, we have listed this finding in Table 2.…”

Section: Lectins: Tools To Read Sugar-encoded Messagesmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…Within three minutes the mass had coagulated firmly, and within ten it was of arterial redness.∫ [17] The concern that the term ™coagula-tion∫ used by Mitchell might reflect the action of procoagulants but not cell agglutination was satisfactorily addressed by deliberately repeating the experiments with washed erythrocytes. [18] The paper by Flexner and Noguchi in which this work is reported was in fact introduced by Mitchell who commented on it as follows: ™I have long desired that the actions of venoms upon blood should be further examined. I finally indicated in a series of propositions the direction I wished the inquiry to take.…”

Section: Lectins: Tools To Read Sugar-encoded Messagesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Chemical Biology of the Sugar Code

et al. 2004

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A high-density coding system is essential to allow cells to communicate efficiently and swiftly through complex surface interactions. All the structural requirements for forming a wide array of signals with a system of minimal size are met by oligomers of carbohydrates. These molecules surpass amino acids and nucleotides by far in information-storing capacity and serve as ligands in biorecognition processes for the transfer of information. The results of work aiming to reveal the intricate ways in which oligosaccharide determinants of cellular glycoconjugates interact with tissue lectins and thereby trigger multifarious cellular responses (e.g. in adhesion or growth regulation) are teaching amazing lessons about the range of finely tuned activities involved. The ability of enzymes to generate an enormous diversity of biochemical signals is matched by receptor proteins (lectins), which are equally elaborate. The multiformity of lectins ensures accurate signal decoding and transmission. The exquisite refinement of both sides of the protein-carbohydrate recognition system turns the structural complexity of glycans--a demanding but essentially mastered problem for analytical chemistry--into a biochemical virtue. The emerging medical importance of protein-carbohydrate recognition, for example in combating infection and the spread of tumors or in targeting drugs, also explains why this interaction system is no longer below industrial radarscopes. Our review sketches the concept of the sugar code, with a solid description of the historical background. We also place emphasis on a distinctive feature of the code, that is, the potential of a carbohydrate ligand to adopt various defined shapes, each with its own particular ligand properties (differential conformer selection). Proper consideration of the structure and shape of the ligand enables us to envision the chemical design of potent binding partners for a target (in lectin-mediated drug delivery) or ways to block lectins of medical importance (in infection, tumor spread, or inflammation).

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Section: Lectins: Tools To Read Sugar-encoded Messagesmentioning

confidence: 93%

Section: Lectins: Tools To Read Sugar-encoded Messagesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical Biology of the Sugar Code

et al. 2004

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“…The anticomplement activity of cobra venom was described by Flexner andNoguchi in 1903 (Flexner andNoguchi 1903). It was not until the late 1960's and early 1970's that the component of cobra venom responsible for its anticomplement activity was recognized (Gewurz et al 1967;Maillard and Zarco 1968;Cochrane et al 1970;Phillips 1970;Muller-Eberhard and Fjellstrom 1971).…”

Section: Development Of Complement Inhibitorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anticomplement therapy

Afshar-Kharghan¹

2009

BTT

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Abstract:The complement system is an important part of innate immunity; however, as with other parts of the immune system, the complement system can become pathologically activated and create or worsen disease. Anticomplement reagents have been studied for several years, but only recently have they emerged as a viable therapeutic tool. Here, we describe the role of the complement system in a wide array of diseases, as well as the use of anticomplement therapy as treatment for these diseases in animal models and in human clinical trials. Specifi cally, we will discuss the role of anticomplement therapy in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, glomerulonephritis, and heart disease, including coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, and coronary revascularization procedures such as percutaneous coronary angioplasty and coronary artery bypass graft surgery.

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“…From the investigations of Flexner and Noguchi (8), Kyes and Sachs (9), Luedecke (10), Manwaring (11), Delezenne and Ledebt (12), it is known that cobra toxin hemolyzes red blood cells only in the presence of serum and that the blood lipoids are necessary for this hemolytic activity. Snake venom also contains a lecithinase which changes lecithin to lysolecithin, the latter having hemolytic qualities.…”

Section: The Researches Of Bergenhem and Fahraeusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lysolecithin and Hemolytic Anemia. The Significance of Lysolecithin Production in the Differentiation of Circulating and Stagnant Blood 1

Singer¹

1941

J. Clin. Invest.

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Considerations regarding the etiology of hemolytic jaundice are inextricably bound up with the presence of spherocytosis and the associated increase in hypotonic saline fragility, and the effect of splenectomy in the amelioration of this disorder. Although many different opinions are advanced regarding the etiology of the disease, the outstanding ones are those postulating a faulty bone marrow or an increase in hemolysin production. The theory of faulty bone marrow production, as introduced by Naegeli (1), claims that spherocytes are produced by the bone marrow and that splenectomy does not change the production of abnormal red cells. The dramatic effect of this operation is explained by removal of the inhibitory effect of the spleen on the bone marrow (1). Careful studies of the hemoglobin metabolism in this disorder, however, have revealed that, after splenectomy, increased blood destruction (as measured by the urobilinogen output) and also increased erythrocyte production (as evaluated by the reticulocyte counts) return to normal values despite the continued presence of spherocytes.

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Snake Venom in Relation to Hæmolysis, Bacteriolysis, and Toxicity

Abstract: C o m b i n e d a c t i o n o f v e n o m a n d r i c i n. R e l a t i o n o f a g g l u t i n a t i o n and

Cited by 118 publications

References 0 publications

Chemical Biology of the Sugar Code

Chemical Biology of the Sugar Code

Anticomplement therapy

Lysolecithin and Hemolytic Anemia. The Significance of Lysolecithin Production in the Differentiation of Circulating and Stagnant Blood 1

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