Snailase Preparation of Ginsenoside M1 from Protopanaxadiol-Type Ginsenoside and Their Protective Effects Against CCl4-Induced Chronic Hepatotoxicity in Mice

Abstract

To investigate the protective effects of protopanaxadiol-type ginsenoside (PDG) and its metabolite ginsenoside M1 (G-M1) on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced chronic liver injury in ICR mice, we carried out conversion of protopanaxadiol-type ginsenosides to ginsenoside M1 using snailase. The optimum time for the conversion was 24 h at a constant pH of 4.5 and an optimum temperature of 50 °C. The transformation products were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography and electrospray ion-mass spectrometry. Subsequently, most of PDG was decomposed and converted into G-M1 by 24 h post-reaction. During the study on hepatoprotective in a mice model of chronic liver injury, PDG or G-M1 supplement significantly ameliorated the CCl4-induced liver lesions, lowered the serum levels of select hepatic enzyme markers (alanine aminotransferase, ALT, and aspartate aminotransferase, AST) and malondialdehyde and increased the activity of superoxide dismutase in liver. Histopathology of the liver tissues showed that PDG and G-M1 attenuated the hepatocellular necrosis and led to reduction of inflammatory cell infiltration. Therefore, the results of this study show that PDG and G-M1 can be proposed to protect the liver against CCl4-induced oxidative injury in mice, and the hepatoprotective effect might be attributed to amelioration of oxidative stress.

Microbial conversion of major ginsenosides in ginseng total saponins by Platycodon grandiflorum endophytes

“…It consists of ginsenosides, polysaccharides, polyynes, flavonoids, and volatile oils among other components [2] . Ginsenosides are considered the major active components of ginseng species and are responsible for numerous pharmacological properties, such as antitumor, anti-aging, blood vessel softening, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and hepatoprotective effect activities [3] , [4] , [5] . Deglycosylated ginsenosides (minor ginsenosides Rh1, Rh2, F2, Rg3, C-K, etc.)…”

Hepatoprotective effect of fermented ginseng and its major constituent compound K in a rat model of paracetamol (acetaminophen)-induced liver injury

“…Ginseng ( Panax ginseng , C. A. Meyer, Araliaceae) is a versatile medicinal herb used commonly in Korea, China and Japan. Two major types of ginsenoside, protopanaxadiol and protopanaxatriol, are regarded to be responsible for ginseng's pharmacological properties including antistress, anti‐inflammatory, anticarcinogenic and hepatoprotective activities [1–6]. Ginsenosides are metabolized by intestinal microflora to their active forms before they are absorbed into the blood and exert their pharmacological activities [7].…”

“…Two major types of ginsenoside, protopanaxadiol and protopanaxatriol, are regarded to be responsible for ginseng's pharmacological properties including antistress, anti-inflammatory, anticarcinogenic and hepatoprotective activities. [1][2][3][4][5][6] Ginsenosides are metabolized by intestinal microflora to their active forms before they are absorbed into the blood and exert their pharmacological activities. [7] Among the metabolites of ginsenosides, 20(S)protopanaxadiol 20-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (compound K; also known as M1), the major pharmacologically active metabolite of ginsenoside Rb1 was shown to possess a variety of biological activities.…”

Diversity of cultivable β -glycosidase-producing micro-organisms isolated from the soil of a ginseng field and their ginsenosides-hydrolysing activity

“…Compound K (C-K), a minor ginsenoside, is the main pharmacologically active metabolites detected in blood after the oral administration of ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2 or Rc (Hasegawa et al 1996;Hasegawa and Uchiyama 1998;Shin et al 2005;Park et al 2013). It has been shown that C-K possesses various biological activities, such as antitumour, anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective effect activities (Choi et al 2007;Joh et al 2011;Lee et al 2011;Li et al 2011;Chen et al 2013). However, compound K is not present in most natural ginseng plants.…”