Snail-inspired AFG/GelMA hydrogel accelerates diabetic wound healing via inflammatory cytokines suppression and macrophage polarization

Gastropod Mucus: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Biological Activities, Applications, and Strategic Priorities

“…This results in an improved wound microenvironment by lowering inflammatory cytokine levels and fostering macrophage M2 polarization, which further supports epithelialization, angiogenesis, and collagen deposition. Adapted with permission from ref . Copyright 2023 Elsevier.…”

“…(b) PVA nanofibers loaded with silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) synthesized using snail mucus (reducing and stabilizing agents) for wound healing applications. Adapted with permission from ref . Copyright 2022 MDPI.…”

“…Adapted with permission from ref 79 based nanomaterials in therapeutic tissue engineering. The AFG/GelMA hydrogel, modeled after the natural adhesive qualities of snail mucus, offers a promising solution for treating chronic diabetic wounds 41 (Figure 3b). Preliminary evidence from animal studies suggests that gastropod mucus may accelerate wound healing through antioxidant and antiinflammatory effects.…”

Highly Stretchable, Transparent, and Adhesive Double-Network Hydrogel Dressings Tailored with Fish Gelatin and Glycyrrhizic Acid for Wound Healing

“…The sulfate, carboxyl, and hydroxyl groups are mostly responsible for the strong adhesion between gel and tissues . A natural biological adhesive matrix from snail mucus has been characterized and applied in skin wounds, which showed excellent activity in adhesion and wound healing. , However, the development of wound-healing dressings using the aforementioned natural snail mucus matrix has certain limitations, considering the production cost, large-scale preparation, and variability among species. It is of great importance to reproduce and mimic snail mucus with naturally occurring macromolecules and bioactive molecules, which are easy to get.…”

“…For example, Han et al were able to design a polydopamine–polyacrylamide single network hydrogel with good cell affinity and tissue adhesiveness. Recently, snail mucus has been found to contain intertwined anionic polymers and positively charged proteins, resulting in considerable adhesiveness on a wet surface. , Fibrous proteins and polysaccharides are the main components of snail mucus . The sulfate, carboxyl, and hydroxyl groups are mostly responsible for the strong adhesion between gel and tissues .…”