“…Previous studies have found an extremely high cigarette smoking prevalence (90% or higher) among IDUs and a positive correlation between patterns of cigarette smoking and drug use (Clarke, Stein, McGarry, & Gogineni, 2001;Epstein, Marrone, Heishman, Schmittner, & Preston, 2010;Marshall et al, 2011;Villanti, German, Sifakis, Flynn, & Holtgrave, 2012). Craving for nicotine might increase craving for drugs, particularly for cocaine (Epstein et al, 2010;Harrell, Montoya, Preston, Juliano, & Gorelick, 2011;Levine et al, 2011).…”