Smoking during pregnancy: Subsequent effects on offspring immune competence and disease vulnerability in later life

Ng, Sheung P.; Zelikoff, Judith T.

doi:10.1016/j.reprotox.2006.11.008

Cited by 54 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 87 publications

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“…These explanations, however, are unlikely, as our findings persist when the analysis is limited to nonobese participants or when BMI and/or smoking are included as covariates in our multivariable analyses. We are, however, unable to examine the effect of in utero cigarette smoke exposure, which is a risk factor for both depression and asthma in the offspring (43,44). Depression is also associated with high systemic levels of inflammatory cytokines, particularly TNFa, which, in turn, has a pathogenic role in asthma (45,46).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Depression and Risk of Incident Asthma in Adults. The CARDIA Study

Brunner

Schreiner

Sood

et al. 2014

Am J Respir Crit Care Med

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Rationale: Asthma is associated with depression, but the temporality of the association has not been established.Objectives: To examine the association between prevalent elevated depressive symptoms and incident asthma, and between prevalent asthma and incident elevated depressive symptoms in a cohort of young and middle-aged adults.Methods: We examined the longitudinal association between asthma and depressive symptoms bidirectionally in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) cohort. First, 3,614 participants, free of asthma, were classified by elevated depressive symptoms at the CARDIA Year-5 exam (n = 856 elevated vs. 2,758 not elevated; ages 23-35 yr) and followed for 20 years to incident asthma. Then, 3,016 participants, free of elevated depressive symptoms, were classified by self-reported current asthma status (n = 188 prevalent vs. 2,828 not prevalent) at the CARDIA Year-5 exam and followed for 20 years until onset of elevated depressive symptoms. Measurements and Main Results:The relative hazard of incident asthma among those with elevated depressive symptoms was 1.26 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.02-1.56) after adjustment for covariates. When depressive status was modeled as the total number of reports of elevated depressive symptoms before the onset of asthma, the adjusted hazard ratio was 1.15 (95% CI = 1.02-1.29). The hazard of incident elevated depressive symptoms for those with asthma was no different than the hazard in those without asthma (adjusted hazard ratio = 0.92; 95% CI = 0.70-1.20).Conclusions: This longitudinal observational study points to depression as a marker of risk for incident adult-onset asthma. On the other hand, prevalent asthma is not associated with incident adultonset depression.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Depression and Risk of Incident Asthma in Adults. The CARDIA Study

Brunner

Schreiner

Sood

et al. 2014

Am J Respir Crit Care Med

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“…In sum, changes in health behaviors, including eating, sleep and physical activity, as a result of prenatal psychosocial stress can contribute to pregnancy complications, poor offspring health outcomes and/or alterations in offspring development [113][114][115][116][117]. This provides a basis for proposing that these health behaviors could at least partly account for the relations found between maternal prenatal psychosocial stress and child health outcomes.…”

Section: Physical Activitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanisms underlying the effects of prenatal psychosocial stress on child outcomes: beyond the HPA axis

Beijers

Buitelaar²,

Weerth

2014

Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry

282

275

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Accumulating evidence from preclinical and clinical studies indicates that maternal psychosocial stress and anxiety during pregnancy adversely affect child outcomes. However, knowledge on the possible mechanisms underlying these relations is limited. In the present paper, we review the most often proposed mechanism, namely that involving the HPA axis and cortisol, as well as other less well-studied but possibly relevant and complementary mechanisms. We present evidence for a role of the following mechanisms: compromised placental functioning, including the 11β-HSD2 enzyme, increased catecholamines, compromised maternal immune system and intestinal microbiota, and altered health behaviors including eating, sleep, and exercise. The roles of (epi)genetics, the postnatal environment and the fetus are also discussed. We conclude that maternal prenatal psychosocial stress is a complex phenomenon that affects maternal emotions, behavior and physiology in many ways, and may influence the physiology and functioning of the fetus through a network of different pathways. The review concludes with recommendations for future research that helps our understanding of the mechanisms by which maternal prenatal stress exerts its effect on the fetus.

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“…While the total number of cases was only 244, and none of the studies showed significant associations, the point estimates for the relative risk appeared quite homogeneous at about 0.5 to 0.7. Maternal smoking might influence some aspects of immune function [82] and DNA methylation [83] in the offspring, but the suggestive association between maternal smoking in pregnancy and lower risk of type 1 diabetes in the offspring should be interpreted with caution because of the many possible sources of error, not to mention the public health hazards of smoking.…”

Section: Caesarean Section Vs Notmentioning

confidence: 99%