Smoking and the Risk of Age-related Macular Degeneration: A Meta-Analysis

The prevalence and analysis of risk factors for age-related macular degeneration: 18-year follow-up data from the Speedwell eye study, United Kingdom

“…[48][49][50] In contrast to previously published reports, this study showed no evidence that smoking at baseline was associated with ARM/ AMD, 15,45,[51][52][53][54][55][56] although this is not seen consistently across studies. 19,41,57,58 Pooled analysis of BDES, BMES and the Rotterdam study showed a threefold association of current smoking at baseline with the development of AMD, 16 whereas the Nurses' health 59 and the Physicians' health 56 studies both observed positive dose-related associations between smoking and AMD.…”

Refractive error and smoking habits in exudative age-related macular degeneration in a hospital-based setting

“…Eye Keywords: exudative age-related macular degeneration; hyperopia; smoking; macular degeneration; visual impairment Population-based studies, such as the Rotterdam Study, the Beaver Dam Study, and the Blue Mountains Eye Study have shown that smoking is a major risk factor for age-related macular degeneration (AMD). [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12] In contrast, the findings of an association between hyperopia and AMD have been inconclusive so far. Although the Rotterdam Study, the AgeRelated Eye Disease Study, the Blue Mountains Eye Study, the French DMLA Study, and the Beijing Eye Study found an association between hyperopia and AMD, other large-scaled population-based investigations did not detect a correlation between both parameters.…”

“…It is in contrast to most population-based studies, which have described an association between smoking and AMD. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12] To cite a recent example, in the Beaver Dam Study, smoking was related to the long-term incidence and progression of AMD after controlling for age, sex, and baseline severity of AMD 3 . It is in contrast to the present hospital-based study, in which the AMD group and a control group from a general population census did not vary significantly in the frequency of current smokers, former smokers, or non-smokers.…”

Molecular regulation of cigarette smoke induced-oxidative stress in human retinal pigment epithelial cells: implications for age-related macular degeneration

“…Although there are numerous environmental risk factors for AMD, cigarette smoking remains the single most important environmental factor associated with developing AMD (14). RPE dysfunction from oxidative stress (22) caused by cigarette smoke may contribute to some key components of AMD, such as choroidal neovascularization (17,24,25,29,32), the main cause of vision loss (70).…”