The prevalence and analysis of risk factors for age-related macular degeneration: 18-year follow-up data from the Speedwell eye study, United Kingdom

Ngai, L.-Y.; Stocks, Nigel; Sparrow, J M; Patel, Roshni; Rumley, A.; Lowe, G.D.O.; Smith, George Davey; Ben-Shlomo, Yoav

doi:10.1038/eye.2011.56

Cited by 24 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 86 publications

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“…After reviewing the full-text articles, 21 articles (19 studies) were included in this meta-analysis (Figure 1) [8,9,10,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33]. …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Association between the Lipids Levels in Blood and Risk of Age-Related Macular Degeneration

Wang

Zhang

et al. 2016

Nutrients

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Lipid metabolism may be involved in the pathogenic mechanism of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). However, conflicting results have been reported in the associations of AMD with blood lipids. We performed a meta-analysis including a total of 19 studies to evaluate associations between blood lipids and this disease. The result reported that the high level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) obtained with an increment of 1 mmol/L could result in a significantly increase in the AMD risk of approximately 18% (relative risk (RR), 1.18; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.01 to 1.35; I2 = 53.8%; p = 0.007). High levels of total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and triglycerides (TG) were significantly associated with a decreased risk of AMD (RRs ranging from 0.92 to 0.95; all p < 0.05). The stratified analysis based on AMD subtypes showed that these blood lipids were only significantly associated with the risk of early AMD (all p < 0.05). The association between the blood lipids and AMD risk did not differ substantially based on the other characteristics of the participants. A high HDL-C level was associated with an increased AMD risk, whereas participants with high TC, LDL-C, and TG concentrations may show a decreased risk for this disease. Further well-designed large studies are warranted to confirm the conclusions.

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“…After reviewing the full-text articles, 21 articles (19 studies) were included in this meta-analysis (Figure 1) [8,9,10,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33]. …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Association between the Lipids Levels in Blood and Risk of Age-Related Macular Degeneration

Wang

Zhang

et al. 2016

Nutrients

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“…Several studies have also compared pack‐years of smoking, and most of them confirmed an additive dose‐response effect . Even after quitting smoking, ex‐smokers still have a modestly increased risk of disease progression compared to never‐smokers, although this association is not always found . Quitting smoking reduces the risk of developing AMD and after 20 years cessation of smoking, risk probabilities of developing AMD seem to be comparable to that of non‐smokers .…”

Section: Demographic and Environmental Risk Factorsmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Evidence of studies using CRP values to predict disease progression in AMD are inconclusive. Five prospective studies found no relation between systemic CRP levels and AMD progression . There is one study which used a more precise measurement of CRP (high‐sensitivity CRP [hsCRP]) and found a positive relationship with the development of early AMD …”

Section: Molecular Risk Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Risk factors for progression of age‐related macular degeneration

Heesterbeek

Lorés‐Motta

Hoyng

et al. 2020

Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic

230

224

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Purpose Age‐related macular degeneration (AMD) is a degenerative disease of the macula, often leading to progressive vision loss. The rate of disease progression can vary among individuals and has been associated with multiple risk factors. In this review, we provide an overview of the current literature investigating phenotypic, demographic, environmental, genetic, and molecular risk factors, and propose the most consistently identified risk factors for disease progression in AMD based on these studies. Finally, we describe the potential use of these risk factors for personalised healthcare. Recent findings While phenotypic risk factors such as drusen and pigment abnormalities become more important to predict disease progression during the course of the disease, demographic, environmental, genetic and molecular risk factors are more valuable at earlier disease stages. Demographic and environmental risk factors such as age and smoking are consistently reported to be related to disease progression, while other factors such as sex, body mass index (BMI) and education are less often associated. Of all known AMD variants, variants that are most consistently reported with disease progression are rs10922109 and rs570618 in CFH, rs116503776 in C2/CFB/SKIV2L, rs3750846 in ARMS2/HTRA1 and rs2230199 in C3. However, it seems likely that other AMD variants also contribute to disease progression but to a lesser extent. Rare variants have probably a large effect on disease progression in highly affected families. Furthermore, current prediction models do not include molecular risk factors, while these factors can be measured accurately in the blood. Possible promising molecular risk factors are High‐Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL‐C), Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), zeaxanthin and lutein. Summary Phenotypic, demographic, environmental, genetic and molecular risk factors can be combined in prediction models to predict disease progression, but the selection of the proper risk factors for personalised risk prediction will differ among individuals and is dependent on their current disease stage. Future prediction models should include a wider set of genetic variants to determine the genetic risk more accurately, and rare variants should be taken into account in highly affected families. In addition, adding molecular factors in prediction models may lead to preventive strategies and personalised advice.

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“…According to the World Health Organization, in 2002, age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and the juvenile-type macular degeneration (JMD) were the causes of blindness and low-vision in 8.7% of the 160 million cases worldwide. 1 In recent reports, AMD prevalence ranged from approximately 3 -12% [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9] , while the prevalence of JMD was 0.03%. 10 In Europe, the retinal pathologies underlying AMD and JMD are listed in the top five of causes of visual loss in both children and adults.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%