Smoking and risk of Graves' disease

Prummel, M. F.

doi:10.1001/jama.269.4.479

Cited by 134 publications

(126 citation statements)

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“…We believe that the difference in gender ratio may be attributed to the high prevalence of male smokers (68.4%) in our study. The mean age of our patients was 40.7 years at presentation; lower than previous studies8 9 which had reported 49.2 and 46.4 years respectively. This may be attributed to the existence of a multidisciplinary Thyroid Eye Clinic at our institution, where close cooperation between the ophthalmologist and endocrinologist ensures early diagnosis and treatment of patients with TED.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 67%

Thyroid eye disease: a Southeast Asian experience

et al. 2014

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Corneal erosion secondary to acquired epiblepharon is a common sign in East Asian patients with TED, thus increased awareness among physicians should be encouraged. Mean exophthalmometry values and frequencies of upper eyelid retraction and oedema are lower in East Asian patients compared with Caucasian patients. Among Singapore's multi-ethnic population, Malay patients with TED had the highest exophthalmometry reading.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 67%

Thyroid eye disease: a Southeast Asian experience

et al. 2014

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“…This interpretation could be in line with recent observations that smoking protects against the development of TPO-Ab (17) and also against the development of hypothyroidism (18,19). We could not ascertain the well-known risk of smoking for developing Graves' hyperthyroidism, most likely to the small sample size (20).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 65%

“…It has been reported that in areas with sufficient iodine intake, hypothyroidism is more common than in iodine-deficient regions (31), whereas the overall prevalence of thyrotoxicosis is greater in iodine-deficient areas (32). Smoking is a risk factor for Graves' disease (20). On the other hand, smoking decreases the risk on hypothyroidism (18,19) and has a protective effect on the development of TPO-Ab and Tg-Ab (17).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Natural history of the transition from euthyroidism to overt autoimmune hypo- or hyperthyroidism: a prospective study

Effraimidis¹,

Strieder²,

Tijssen

et al. 2011

European Journal of Endocrinology

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Objective: To evaluate the progression in time from euthyroidism to overt autoimmune hypothyroidism or to overt autoimmune hyperthyroidism. Subjects and methods: The design is that of a nested case-control study within the prospective Amsterdam autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) cohort study in which 790 healthy euthyroid women with at least one first or second degree relative with documented AITD were followed for 5 years. Thyroid function tests were assessed annually. Contrast between cases (overt hypothyroidism -TSHO 5.7 mU/l and free thyroxine (FT 4 )!9.3 pmol/l and overt hyperthyroidism -TSH!0.4 mU/l and FT 4 O20.1 pmol/l, also referred to as events) and controls (matched for age and duration of follow-up). Results: At baseline, the 38 hypothyroid cases had already higher TSH and lower FT 4 concentrations than their 76 controls, and the difference between both the groups persisted 1 year before occurrence of the event. In contrast, neither TSH nor FT 4 values differed between the 13 hyperthyroid cases and their 26 controls at baseline or 1 year before the event. The prevalence of thyroid peroxidase-Ab was higher in both hypothyroid and hyperthyroid cases than in controls. At the time of event, hypothyroid cases were less common among current smokers (PZ0.083) and more common in the postpartum period (PZ0.006) than their controls, whereas hyperthyroid cases were pregnant more frequently (PZ0.063). Conclusions: The data suggest that progression toward overt autoimmune hypothyroidism is a gradual process taking several years, but in contrast overt autoimmune hyperthyroidism develops faster in terms of months.

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“…Smokers develop severe GO and they respond less to steroid treatment or radiotherapy than non-smokers (24,25). Cigarette smoking was the most striking risk factor detected in our active GO cases.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 72%

Diagnostic approaches in a series of cases with Graves ophthalmopathy

Zosin¹

2010

Acta Endo (Buc)

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Introduction. The definition of severity and activity of Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO) comprises different parameters.The aim of this study is to select the most appropriate severity and activity criteria, respectively scores and to investigate a possible correlation among them.Subjects and methods. The study included 51 patients with GO (43 females, 8 males), mean age 46.8±11.2 years. The patients were evaluated by: clinical exam, laboratory parameters (TSH, FT4, FT3, thyroid autoantibodies) and imagistic means, performed in selected cases (CT or MRI).Results. The GO activity was assessed by the clinical activity score (CAS). We quantified the EUGOGO severity criteria, by allotting points for each selected parameter. According to the recommended criteria, the cases were divided into active (n=26) and inactive forms (n=25). There were no significant statistical differences regarding CAS between euthyroid cases (n=14) and dysthyroid cases (n=37). Serum thyroid receptor antibodies (TRAb) levels did not correlate with CAS or severity scores. Severity scores correlated significantly with CAS (Pearson correlation index 0.546, r2=0.290, p=0.0001).Conclusion. Active forms of GO showed higher severity scores than the inactive ones. The severity scores correlated significantly with CAS scores. Neither CAS, nor severity scores correlated significantly with the severity of thyrotoxicosis.

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Smoking and risk of Graves' disease

Abstract: Smoking is associated with Graves' disease, and it especially increases the risk for the development of more severe ophthalmopathy. Thus, smoking appears to be one of the multiple factors inducing Graves' disease in genetically predisposed individuals.

Cited by 134 publications

References 0 publications

Thyroid eye disease: a Southeast Asian experience

Thyroid eye disease: a Southeast Asian experience

Natural history of the transition from euthyroidism to overt autoimmune hypo- or hyperthyroidism: a prospective study

Diagnostic approaches in a series of cases with Graves ophthalmopathy

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