Smoking and periodontal tissues: a review

Abstract

The impact of smoking on general health has been widely studied and is directly related to several important medical problems including cancer, low birth weight, and pulmonary and cardiovascular disease. In the past 25 years, there has also been an increasing awareness of the role of cigarette consumption in oral health problems such as periodontal disease. Smoking is considered the major risk factor in the prevalence, extent and severity of periodontal diseases. This article will discuss the available evidence and provide the reader with an overview of the impact of smoking and its cessation on the pathogenesis and treatment of periodontal diseases.

National Survey of Oral/Dental Conditions Related to Tobacco and Alcohol Use in Mexican Adults

“…Their overall health impacts in terms of morbidity, disability and mortality include not only harm but also health care direct costs and indirect costs due to inability, disability and loss of production; they also entail intangible costs such as suffering, pain and family impacts [31,32,43]. In relation to oral health, several studies have linked excessive use of these substances with oral diseases such as caries, periodontal disease, and dental needs: our results are partially consistent with those findings [15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,33], emphasizing that these two substances may be associated with worse oral health status. Given the format of the questions in the national survey it is important to note that excessive use in the prior week does not necessarily equate to addiction.…”

“…These diseases are equally highly prevalent and incident in Mexico across various age groups, and are concentrated in those with greater social disadvantage. A diet rich in simple carbohydrates, poor dietary patterns, inappropriate oral hygiene behaviors, restricted access to dental services, tobacco use, and excessive use of alcohol are some risk factors for these diseases [8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24]. …”

“…On the other hand, 71.3% of that population has used alcohol at some point in their lives (80.6% of men and 62.6% of women) [32]. There is considerable epidemiological evidence demonstrating the adverse effects of both tobacco and alcohol contributing to periodontal disease, tooth decay, tooth loss, staining of teeth and dental restorations, reduction of the ability to smell and taste, and oral conditions such as smoker’s palate, smoker’s melanosis, coated tongue, precancerous lesions and cancer, dental implant failures, and possibly oral candidosis [10,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24]. In Mexico there are few studies that have addressed oral health conditions at the national level.…”

Perfil e percepção de diabéticos sobre a relação entre diabetes e doença periodontal

“…Não foi observada associação entre o fumo e a perda de dentes, embora a literatura relate que o fumo é considerado um dos principais fatores de risco para a prevalência e a severidade da doença periodontal, e a perda de dentes 23 . Note-se que já foi identificada associação estatisticamente significativa entre a doença periodontal e o fumo 22 .…”

A Reliable Preclinical Model to Study the Impact of Cigarette Smoke in Development and Disease

“…Smoking tobacco is the primary factor for disease burden in North America and Western Europe (Peacock et al., ). Smoking is also associated with several major diseases, including over ten types of cancer (Gressard et al., ; Scott Budinger et al., ), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (Gupta et al., ), heart disease, stroke, asthma (Benjamin et al., ), infertility, premature and low birth‐weight births (Assouni Mindjah, Essiben, Foumane, Dohbit, & Mboudou, ), diabetes (Effoe et al., ), cataracts, age‐related macular degeneration (Velilla et al., ), and periodontal disease (César Neto, Rosa, Pannuti, & Romito, ). Additionally, smoking has a detrimental influence in wound healing because both nicotine and the rest of the components reduce cutaneous blood flow by vasoconstriction, stimulate release of proteases that may accelerate tissue destruction, suppress the immune response, and lead to an increased risk of infection.…”