Smell disorders in COVID-19 patients: role of olfactory training

Mei, Tao; Chen, Ying; Wang, Lina; Jiang, Lulian; Liu, Ke; Zhao, Liping; Luo, Ziyu; Chi, Wenxin; Zhu, Xiangyu

doi:10.1097/md.0000000000024862

Cited by 20 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 40 publications

(22 reference statements)

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“…In this study, we observed that the adherence to an olfactory training protocol was significantly associated with higher values of Sniffin’ Sticks test scores at 18 months post infection. The efficacy of olfactory training in COVID‐19 patients was supported by a recent meta‐analysis, but this paper only included studies investigating short‐term recovery (<1 year) [ 32 ]. The present paper may suggest a positive impact of olfactory training over the mid‐to‐long term, but future controlled studies are needed.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence and 24‐month recovery of olfactory dysfunction in COVID‐19 patients: A multicentre prospective study

2022

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Objective To investigate the prevalence and recovery of olfactory dysfunction (OD) in COVID‐19 patients 24 months after the infection. Methods From 22 March 2020 to 5 June 2022, 251 COVID‐19 patients were followed in three European medical centres. Olfactory function was assessed with subjective patient‐reported outcome questionnaires and odour identification tests at baseline, 6, 12, 18 and 24 months postinfection. The predictive values of epidemiological and clinical data were investigated with multivariate analysis. Results One hundred and seventy‐one patients completed the evaluations. The odour identification test revealed that 123 patients (50.8%) had OD at baseline. The prevalence of persistent psychophysical abnormalities at 6, 12, 18 and 24 months post‐COVID‐19 was 24.2%, 17.9%, 5.8% and 2.9%, respectively ( p = 0.001). Parosmia occurred in 40 patients (23.4%) and lasted 60 ± 119 days. At 2 years, 51 patients (29.8%) self reported that their olfaction was unnormalised. Older patients had better odour identification evaluations at baseline ( p < 0.001) but those with OD reported lower odour identification test scores at the end of the follow‐up. Parosmia occurred more frequently in young patients. The olfactory training was significantly associated with higher values of Sniffin’ Sticks tests at 18 months postinfection (r s = 0.678; p < 0.001). Conclusion Two years post‐COVID‐19, 29.8% of patients reported persistent OD, but only 2.9% had abnormal identification psychophysical evaluations.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence and 24‐month recovery of olfactory dysfunction in COVID‐19 patients: A multicentre prospective study

2022

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“…In conclusion, this study highlighted the high incidence of olfactory impairment in children with congenital sCMV infection. As olfactory loss can impact nutrition, social interaction, safety and quality of life, early detection of olfactory disorders may lead to olfactory rehabilitation programs in order to limit neurodevelopmental consequences: recent studies have demonstrated the importance of olfactory training to improve the olfactory function in adults [27,28] and children [29].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Olfactory function in congenital cytomegalovirus infection: a prospective study

et al. 2022

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Congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection leads to olfactory bulb lesions in the fetus, yet little is known about its impact on olfaction after birth. Here, we have assessed in a prospective study conducted on children in two French hospitals from 2016 to 2019, infection severity and olfactory performance after congenital CMV infection. Children with congenital CMV infection aged 3 to 10 years and healthy controls (CTL) matched for age and sex to CMV children symptomatic at birth (sCMV) were enrolled. Olfactory discrimination was assessed using mono-odorants and binary mixtures. Data were analyzed for 54 children with PCR-confirmed congenital CMV infection, including 34 sCMV (median [IQR] age, 6 [5-8] years; 19 [55.9%] male), and 20 CMV asymptomatic at birth (aCMV, median [IQR] age, 4 [3-6] years; 12 [60.0%] male). sCMV were compared to 34 CTL children. Olfactory scores in CMV-infected children were independent from vestibular deficit and hearing loss. The olfactory score was efficient to discriminate between CTL and sCMV for children > 6 years (area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve (AUC, 0.85; P = 0.0006), but not for children < 7 years. For children > 6 years, the proportion of children with total olfactory score < 4 differed between sCMV and CTL groups (91.2% and 18.7%, P < 0.001), but not between aCMV and age-matched healthy control groups. Conclusion:Congenital CMV infection is associated with reduced olfactory performance in children with infection symptoms at birth.

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“…Visual-olfactory training improved the levels of olfactory threshold, discrimination, and identification in another study [ 44 ]. Considering the relatively successful impact of the training, a systematic review is currently in progress focusing on COVID-19 induced chemosensory dysfunction [ 45 ].…”

Section: Current Status Of Knowledgementioning

confidence: 99%

COVID-19 loss of taste and smell: potential psychological repercussions

Javed¹,

Ijaz²,

Khair³

et al. 2022

Pan Afr Med J

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The novel coronavirus (COVID-19) has become a cause for global concern. Apart from a multitude of symptoms, the virus is known for its ability to cause loss of taste and smell that can be irreversible in a few cases. In fact, even after recovery, post-covid syndrome can still lead to devastating outcomes, specifically with reference to loss of smell and taste. A number of mechanisms that have been postulated include receptor-mediated uptake, increased inflammation, transneuronal migration, and direct damage to the olfactory pathway. Considering how important these two senses are, many psychological, social, and emotional repercussions can be expected. These repercussions include lowering of self-esteem and developmental of mental health issues. Long-term altered taste sensation can also lead to the development of unhealthy eating habits that can result in increasing risk for diabetes and hypertension. A few solutions have been investigated for treating these chemosensory dysfunctions, such as olfactory training, corticosteroids, theophylline and acupuncture. Although the results have been promising but a new modality, virtual reality, requires more in-depth exploration because it targets not only the dysfunction but also the mental health issues being experienced. It is important that affected individuals be provided with strong emotional and family support. Additionally, physicians can help the patients through support groups, cognitive behavioural therapy, olfactory, and virtual reality training.

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Smell disorders in COVID-19 patients: role of olfactory training

Cited by 20 publications

References 40 publications

Prevalence and 24‐month recovery of olfactory dysfunction in COVID‐19 patients: A multicentre prospective study

Prevalence and 24‐month recovery of olfactory dysfunction in COVID‐19 patients: A multicentre prospective study

Olfactory function in congenital cytomegalovirus infection: a prospective study

COVID-19 loss of taste and smell: potential psychological repercussions

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