Smell and taste disorders

Hummel, Thomas; Landis, Basile Nicolas; Hüttenbrink, Karl-Bernd

doi:10.3205/cto000077

Cited by 68 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 163 publications

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“…Olfactory dysfunction resulting in loss (anosmia) or reduction (hyposmia) of smell is considered as an early sign of the neurodegenerative diseases [250][251][252]. Unfortunately, impairment of smell is not unique to neurodegenerative diseases alone as exposure to drugs of abuse such as alcohol, viral infections such as COVID-19, trauma, or simple sinusitis or polyposis nasi also interfere with olfactory abilities [253][254][255]. Identification of gene-specific mutations; post-translationally modified and/or misfolded protein levels in CSF; and PET imaging have made significant contributions to our understanding of disease progression.…”

Section: Role Of Exosomes In Neurodegenerative Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Small but Mighty—Exosomes, Novel Intercellular Messengers in Neurodegeneration

Kumari

Anji

2022

Biology

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Exosomes of endosomal origin are one class of extracellular vesicles that are important in intercellular communication. Exosomes are released by all cells in our body and their cargo consisting of lipids, proteins and nucleic acids has a footprint reflective of their parental origin. The exosomal cargo has the power to modulate the physiology of recipient cells in the vicinity of the releasing cells or cells at a distance. Harnessing the potential of exosomes relies upon the purity of exosome preparation. Hence, many methods for isolation have been developed and we provide a succinct summary of several methods. In spite of the seclusion imposed by the blood–brain barrier, cells in the CNS are not immune from exosomal intrusive influences. Both neurons and glia release exosomes, often in an activity-dependent manner. A brief description of exosomes released by different cells in the brain and their role in maintaining CNS homeostasis is provided. The hallmark of several neurodegenerative diseases is the accumulation of protein aggregates. Recent studies implicate exosomes’ intercellular communicator role in the spread of misfolded proteins aiding the propagation of pathology. In this review, we discuss the potential contributions made by exosomes in progression of Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Understanding contributions made by exosomes in pathogenesis of neurodegeneration opens the field for employing exosomes as therapeutic agents for drug delivery to brain since exosomes do cross the blood–brain barrier.

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Section: Role Of Exosomes In Neurodegenerative Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Small but Mighty—Exosomes, Novel Intercellular Messengers in Neurodegeneration

Kumari

Anji

2022

Biology

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“…Infections of the upper respiratory tract can cause acute onset anosmia or ageusia due to viral damage to the olfactory epithelium. 17 Moreover, viruses like influenza A, herpes, polio, rabies, parainfluenza, adenovirus, and Japanese encephalitis can use the olfactory nerve as a route and enter the central nervous system, thus causing acute onset anosmia. 18 Studies suggest that the pervasive expression of ACE2 support cells, stem cells, and perivascular cells leads to anosmia and related odor perceptions in COVID-19 patients.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Incidence of Olfactory and Gustatory Dysfunctions in the Early Stages of COVID-19: An Objective Evaluation

Manhas

Koul

Kalsotra

et al. 2022

Int Arch Otorhinolaryngol

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Introduction Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a dangerous infectious disease caused by a newly discovered severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that has various clinical presentations. Numerable cases with non-specific olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions in COVID-19 have been reported from all over the globe. This is important as awareness will let people to self-isolate and help in limiting disease spread. Objective To objectively evaluate the frequency of olfactory and gustatory dysfunction, which may occur independently or with other symptoms, in laboratory confirmed COVID-19 patients at an early stage of the disease. Methods Objective evaluation of olfactory and gustatory function of 322 COVID-19 patients treated at our hospital, (SMGS, Government Medical College, Jammu), from August 2020 until November 2020. Results Our study population included 127 (39.4%) males and 195 (60.6%) females. Two hundred and twenty-six (70.2%) COVID-19 patients experienced olfactory and gustatory disorders. One hundred and sixty-five (51.2%) cases experienced both olfactory and gustatory disorders. Isolated olfactory dysfunction was reported in 34 (10.6%) patients, while 27 (8.4%) patients experienced only gustatory dysfunction. Conclusion The olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions, without any nasal obstruction or rhinorrhea, are significant symptoms in the clinical presentation of early COVID-19 patients. This presentation can be recognized at the earliest one, and it can reduce the high communicability of the COVID-19 disease.

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“…Olfactory and taste disorders are related with a wide range of viral infections. 18 Viruses can cause an inflammatory reaction of the nasal mucosa resulting in the development of rhinorrhea. 20 And it is also known that viruses can enter the CNS, in several ways, including the olfactory route.…”

Section: ■ Discussion and Conclusionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemosensory Systems in COVID-19: Evolution of Scientific Research

Veronese

Sbarbati

2021

ACS Chem. Neurosci.

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COVID-19 disease induced by coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 presents among its symptoms alterations of the chemosensory functions. In the first studies on the Chinese population, this symptomatology was not particularly relevant, and hyposmia and hypogeusia were excluded from the symptoms to be evaluated to diagnose the disease. With the pandemic spread of the illness, there has been an augment in reports on chemosensory dysfunctions among patients. The first data analysis showed the presence of these disorders mainly in paucisymptomatic and asymptomatic patients. The interest in chemosensory systems therefore increased considerably, because the olfactory and gustatory symptoms could be the key to stop the infection spread. Furthermore, the degree of alert and attention grew, considering that these types of dysfunctions are prognostic symptoms of serious neurodegenerative diseases. About 9 months have passed since the first anecdotal reports on the involvement of the olfactory and gustatory systems in the COVID-19 pathology. For this reason, a careful review of the literature was conducted to understand if it is clearer which people present chemosensory symptoms and if these are related to the severity of the disease. Furthermore, we have identified which aspects still remain to be clarified.

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Smell and taste disorders

Cited by 68 publications

References 163 publications

Small but Mighty—Exosomes, Novel Intercellular Messengers in Neurodegeneration

Small but Mighty—Exosomes, Novel Intercellular Messengers in Neurodegeneration

Incidence of Olfactory and Gustatory Dysfunctions in the Early Stages of COVID-19: An Objective Evaluation

Chemosensory Systems in COVID-19: Evolution of Scientific Research

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